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保护东北黑土地关键点:强化高性能农机具支撑保障作用

2022-07-12 10:45:31 来源:农机网整理发布 阅读量:37613 评论

导读:高性能机具是高质量实施保护性耕作的关键。《东北黑土地保护性耕作行动计划(2020—2025年)》实施两年多来,农业农村部持续加大机具研发与示范推广支持力度,强化机具支撑保障作用。

  【农机网 编辑视角】近年来,党中央、国务院高度重视东北黑土地保护。2020年初,经国务院同意,农业农村部、财政部联合印发《东北黑土地保护性耕作行动计划(2020—2025年)》,部署在东北四省(区)适宜区域全面推广应用保护性耕作。实施两年多来,在各方面共同努力下,行动计划取得了积极成效。2020年实施保护性耕作4600万亩,2021年实施保护性耕作7200万亩,均超额完成当年任务。

  根据十三届全国人大五次会议赵剡水代表提出的关于科学实施推广黑土地保护性耕作的建议收悉,农业农村部近日给出答复。其中,关于加快保护性耕作机具研制推广应用方面,具体答复如下:
 
  高性能机具是高质量实施保护性耕作的关键。《东北黑土地保护性耕作行动计划(2020—2025年)》实施两年多来,农业农村部持续加大机具研发与示范推广支持力度,强化机具支撑保障作用。
 
  一是及时掌握机具情况。要求四省(区)加大对本地区保护性耕作机具尤其是免耕播种机数量、状态和作业能力情况的调度,摸清底数和缺口,统筹做好机具协调调配,切实提高机具使用率。
 
  二是开展机具研发攻关。会同科技部、工业和信息化部,统筹用好相关研发资源,支持开展气力式排种器、播种质量监测系统、耕种入土部件等免耕播种机关键部件研发,进一步优化免耕播种机性能。支持四省(区)申报建设保护性耕作(东北)全程机械化科研基地,进一步提升研发攻关能力。
 
  三是加大适用机具示范推广。组织四省(区)通过机具展示、作业演示等形式,推广适用高效保护性耕作作业机具,尤其是加大“窄浅型”少耕(条耕)机、加装秸秆处理装置免耕播种机的示范推广力度,提升保护性耕作作业质量。依托高标准应用基地,组织专家优化技术模式,进一步遴选推出一批适用于不同区域的保护性耕作机具配套方案。
 
  四是强化高性能机具供给。积极发挥农机购置与应用补贴政策引导作用,对免耕播种机优化分档,将高性能免耕播种机补贴测算比例由30%提高到35%,并优先满足保护性耕作机具购置补贴资金需求。将深松整地作业补助任务资金向保护性耕作实施区域倾斜,鼓励适宜区域开展条带耕作,进一步引导农民群众购置使用深松机、条耕机等保护性耕作配套机具。
 
  保护性耕作的技术核心是“多覆盖、少动土”,一方面要求秸秆尽量留田处理,增加秸秆覆盖量;另一方面要求秸秆覆盖应兼顾多方需求,确保保护性耕作与畜牧业发展等要求相衔接。近年以来,从各地推广秸秆覆盖保护性耕作的实践看,农民越来越普遍认为,秸秆覆盖保护性耕作,是节本增效、产量稳定、秸秆处理最省事、好应用的高招。
 
  保护性耕作已是主流的耕作制度和技术体系。今年已实施保护性耕作8100万亩,超出8000万亩年度任务。四省(区)整体推进县达56个,县乡级高标准基地达712个,长期监测点达382个,以点带面、梯次铺开的态势已经形成。从四省(区)实施效果看,保护性耕作实施地块总体苗情长势良好,抗旱保苗、抗台风防倒伏效果明显,有效降低了土壤风蚀水蚀,改善了地力,减少了机械进地次数,呈现出粮食稳产增产、农民增收节支的良好态势,保护性耕作带来的农业经济、生态综合效应正逐步显现。
 
  目前保护性耕作技术推广的一个短板,就是配套农机具有效供给不足,除了免耕播种机上形成比较配套的农机具外,其他作业环节和技术模式上,都缺乏拿得出手的配套农机具。有关专家认为,农机行业必须围绕免耕、少耕、条耕、垄作、秸秆覆盖、种植覆盖物技术模式,加快研发制造出相配套的先进、实用的技术所需机具装备,为保护性耕作技术推广提供支撑。
 
  注:本文由农机网(www.nongjx.com)整理发布,资料来源:农业农村部、东北网。
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