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从购机强度看薯类收获机市场发展大空间

2024-02-12 09:10:33 来源：总站信息处 作者：刘振营 阅读量：17078 评论

导读：之前在拖拉机、联合收割机、玉米收获机和花生收获机领域引入了购机强度概念，分析了相应农机产品的市场发展空间，下面用同样的购机强度概念，分析一下薯类收获机的市场发展空间有多大。

　　【农机网 市场行情】之前在拖拉机、联合收割机、玉米收获机和花生收获机领域引入了购机强度概念，分析了相应农机产品的市场发展空间，下面用同样的购机强度概念，分析一下薯类收获机的市场发展空间有多大。
 
　　1、薯类作物及其收获机械
 
　　薯类作物又称根茎类作物，主要包括甘薯、马铃薯、山药、芋类等。这类作物的产品器官是块根和块茎，生长在土壤中。由于薯类作物是宜粮、宜菜、宜饲还可做工业原料的粮食作物，因此越来越受到人们的重视。
 
　　薯类挖掘收获机的结构主要包括牵引底盘、机架、悬挂装置、挖掘装置、输送分离装置和动力传动装置等。其工作原理是，在拖拉机底盘的牵引及动力传动下，由挖掘铲将薯块连同土壤全部铲起，随着收获机组的前进，将铲起的薯块和土送至栅条式输送分离装置上，大部分土从栅条间隙漏下，薯块被向后输送并落于地表，成条状铺放，再由人工捡拾。
 
　　尽管薯类作物品种不同，但收获方式和原理是一样的，一般各种薯类和花生收获都可以通用。
 
　　2、各省区薯类作物种植面积
 
　　根据国家统计局各省份2015-2019年薯类作物种植面积的统计数据，计算出38省区平均每年薯类作物种植面积为1.08亿亩，各省区这5年平均每年的种植面积见下表。
 
各省区薯类作物2015-2019年平均每年种植面积
 
　　从薯类作物种植面积的省区分布看，陕西最多，达4965.45万亩，占总量的45.92%。其次，四川、贵州和重庆都超过了1000万亩，以上4省市合计9141.33万亩，占总量的84.54%。
 
　　3、2023年薯类收获机购机强度
 
　　为了说明各省区薯类收获机的销量水平，这里引入购机强度概念。所谓购机强度，是指年内各个省份单位面积薯类种植面积购买薯类收获机的台数，用单位“台/万亩”来表示。这个数据指标，比较明确地显示出各个省区购买薯类收获机的数量水平。
 
　　从计算得出的各省区薯类收获机购机强度看，西藏购机强度最高，达到69.620台/万亩。其次为青海，达到10.465台/万亩。接下来依次为山东3.601台/万亩，甘肃2.271台/万亩，河北2.138台/万亩，内蒙古1.785台/万亩，福建1.363台/万亩，辽宁1.331台/万亩。除这8省区外，还有云南、宁夏、黑龙江和江苏4省区达到0.5台/万亩以上，其余省区购机强度均未达到0.5台/万亩。
 
2023年各省薯类收获机购机强度统计表
 
　　应该指出，薯类作物4个种植大省，购机强度均未达到0.5台/万亩，说明薯类收获机械化程度普遍很低。
 
　　当然，薯类收获机购机强度低的原因，可能还有补贴公示不及时的情况，即有已购买而尚未公示补贴的数量，或者有购买薯类收获机未申报补贴的情况。另外，可能还有薯类作物种植面积变化比较大等因素。
 
　　4、薯类收获机械化水平低的主要原因
 
　　薯类人力收获是比较重的体力劳动，一般需要壮劳力才能胜任。目前这种简单的薯类挖掘收获机，价格只有几千元，为什么目前薯类收获机械化水平还很低呢？个人认为可能主要有以下几个原因。
 
　　一是不少地方薯类种植面积比较小，大都在边角零星地块，相对来说，不容易采用机械收获。
 
　　二是薯类收获机普及工作不到位，一些地方虽然有需求，但没有见过或者不知道有这种收获机械。
 
　　三是有的地方虽然尝试使用薯类收获机，但由于土壤特性或者收获机产品性能达不到要求，收不干净或伤薯严重，农民不愿意使用机械收获。
 
　　四是个别地区拖拉机动力比较少，造成薯类收获机推广难。
 
　　5、发展薯类收获机的建议
 
　　要打破薯类收获机的发展瓶颈，就要从几个方面着手做一些工作。
 
　　一是加大薯类收获机的推广力度。有关部门应该在薯类收获机的推广上加大力度，引进实用先进的品牌，在当地开展示范和试点，使薯农认识到薯类机收的优势，引导农民购机。
 
　　二是薯类收获机生产企业应该与拖拉机企业联手，在拖拉机运用不多的地区开展薯类收获机的演示宣传，一方面开拓薯类收获机市场，同时也加强了拖拉机的产品宣传。
 
　　三是薯类收获机生产企业应学习发达国家大型薯类收获机的产品技术，针对大面积薯类种植区域，研制开发集杀秧、挖掘、分离、捡拾、分级、装筐(袋)一体化作业的薯类联合收获机，以提升作业效率和作业效果，引领薯类收获机产品技术升级。

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