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小麦机械化收获减损技术要点

2023-06-06 09:27:31 来源：酒泉市农机服务中心整理 阅读量：11281 评论

导读：作业季节开始前进行全面检查与保养，对机具做好试运转，认真检查各操纵装置功能是否正常等，以便出现故障时能够及时排除。

　　小麦机械化收获减损技术要点
 
　　一、作业前机具准备
 
　　开始作业前要保持机具良好工作状态，预防和减少作业故障，提高作业质量和效率。
 
　　（一）机具检查
 
　　作业季节开始前进行全面检查与保养，对机具做好试运转，认真检查各操纵装置功能是否正常等，以便出现故障时能够及时排除。
 
　　（二）试割
 
　　要选择有代表性的地块进行试割。试割作业行进长度以30米左右为宜。试割过程中，应注意观察，发现异常及时解决。
 
　　二、确定适宜收获时间
 
　　小麦机收宜在蜡熟末期至完熟初期进行。如遇雨季迫近，或急需抢种下茬作物，或品种易落粒、折秆、折穗、穗上发芽等情况，应适当提前收获时间。
 
　　三、机收作业质量要求和测定方法
 
　　（一）作业质量要求
 、

　　机收作业质量应符合NY/T 995-2006《谷物(小麦)联合收获机械 作业质量》标准要求。
 
　　（二）简易测定法
 
　　推荐“半米幅宽法”和“巴掌法”。选择自然落粒少的田块，在收割机稳定作业区域，往返两个行程内随机选取两个取样区，收集掉落地上的籽粒个数，根据当地的小麦千粒重(或落地籽粒称重)和平均亩产量估算平均损失率。
 
　　四、减少机收环节损失的措施
 
　　作业过程中，应选择适当的作业参数，并根据自然条件和作物条件的不同及时对机具进行调整，使联合收割机保持良好的工作状态，减少机收损失，提高作业质量。
 
　　（一）选择作业行走路线
 
　　联合收割机作业一般可采取顺时针向心回转、逆时针向心回转、梭形收割三种行走方法。
 
　　（二）选择作业速度
 
　　根据联合收割机自身喂入量、小麦产量、自然高度、干湿程度等因素选择合理的作业速度。当小麦稠密、植株大、产量高、早晚及雨后作物湿度大时，应适当降低作业速度。
 
　　（三）调整作业幅宽
 
　　作业时不能有漏割现象，作业幅宽以割台宽度的90%为宜，保证喂入均匀；但当小麦产量过高、湿度过大或留茬高度过低时，以低速作业仍超载时，一般割幅减少到80%时即可。
 
　　（四）保持合适的留茬高度
 
　　一般以10—15厘米为宜。在保证正常收割的情况下，割茬应尽量降低但不小于5厘米。
 
　　（五）调整拨禾轮速度和位置
 
　　拨禾轮线速度为联合收割机前进速度的1.1—1.2倍，不宜过高；调整拨禾轮高低位置，应使拨禾轮弹齿或压板作用在被切割作物高度的2/3处为宜。以拨禾轮不翻草、割台不堆积麦秆为宜。
 
　　（六）调整脱粒、清选等工作部件
 
　　脱粒滚筒的转速、脱粒间隙和导流板角度的大小是影响小麦脱净率、破碎率的重要因素。在保证破碎率不超标的前提下，正确调整入口与出口间隙之比(一般为4∶1)等措施。
 
　　（七）倒伏小麦的收割
 
　　做好联合收割机调整。适当降低割茬，以减少漏割。倒伏严重时，采取逆倒伏方向收获，拨禾弹齿后倾15—30度，拨禾轮适当前移；顺倒伏方向收获时，拨禾弹齿后倾15—30度，以增强扶禾作用。割台底板轻触地面，割刀距地面高度视倒伏情况调整低于10厘米为宜。
 
　　（八）收割过熟作物
 
　　收割时应适当调低拨禾轮转速，防止拨禾轮板击打麦穗造成掉粒损失，同时降低作业速度，适当减小清选筛开度。
 
　　（九）规范作业操作
 
　　应根据作物实际情况来选择作业挡位，要经常检查凹板筛和清选筛的筛面，防止被泥土或潮湿物堵死造成粮食损失。收割作业结束后粮箱存粮，要及时卸净。
 
　　（十）在线监测
 
　　提升装备智能化水平，可在小麦联合收割机上装配损失率、含杂率、破碎率在线监测装置。得到并保持较理想的作业状态。
 
　　五、培训与监督
 
　　（一）开展收获技术培训
 
　　机手、种植户和从事收获质量监督的乡镇农机管理人员应经过培训，掌握小麦品种、籽粒含水率、种植模式、收割地形等方面的知识，掌握联合收割机的正确使用、维护保养知识以及作业质量标准要求。
 
　　（二）加强作业质量监督
 
　　鼓励种植户与机手签订收获作业损失协议，农机管理人员可通过巡回检查监督作业损失等情况，并在损失偏大或出现其他不合乎要求情形时，要求机手对联合收割机进行调整，仍不合要求的，应及时更换故障部件或整机。
 
　　监制：宁彬   审核：冯正睿   编辑：赵岚
 
　　整理：酒泉市农机服务中心
 

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