宁夏:倒伏玉米机械化收获减损技术指引,宁夏,玉米机械化,收获减损-农机网
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地点: 郑州市
开展时间: 2023-10-08
举办单位: 河南省农业农村厅
河南日报社
河南省商务厅
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地点: 武汉市
开展时间: 2023-10-26
举办单位: 中国农业机械流通协会、中国农业机械工业协会、中国农业机械化协会
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地点: 北京市
开展时间: 2023-11-02
举办单位: 中国农业大学、北京市农业农村局、北京市平谷区人民政府、国际农业研究磋商组织、世界可持续发展工商理事会
宁夏:倒伏玉米机械化收获减损技术指引
2023-09-19
10:30:37
来源:宁夏农业机械化技术推广站 阅读量:14530
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导读:为有效应对可能发生的风雨天气对玉米收获造成的不利影响,确保秋粮颗粒归仓,自治区农业机械化技术推广站制定印发了倒伏玉米机械化收获减损技术指引。
【农机网 地方农机】当前,宁夏即将进入“三秋”机械化生产关键时期,为有效应对可能发生的风雨天气对玉米收获造成的不利影响,确保秋粮颗粒归仓,自治区农业机械化技术推广站制定印发了倒伏玉米机械化收获减损技术指引。
一、选择适宜收获方式和机具
机械化收获作业前,实地观察玉米倒伏情况,科学选择收获方式和机具。一是收获倒伏玉米,要提前抢收,籽粒含水量高于25%,宜选用果穗
收获机;籽粒含水率低于25%,可选用籽粒收获机。二是收获倒伏玉米,宜选用割台长度长、倾角小、分禾器尖能够贴地作业的高性能
玉米收获机。三是收获倒伏严重且植株折断比率较高或作为青贮饲料的玉米,宜选用具有籽粒破碎功能的地滚刀割台式青贮玉米收获机。四是对于有积水或土壤湿度大的地块,宜选用履带式或加装半履带收获机,防止陷车。
二、提前检查和调试机具
由于收获倒伏玉米难度大,对作业机具的要求更高,要全面检查调整好机具,保证收获机各系统运转正常。一是经重新拆装、保养或修理后的玉米收获机要认真检查行走、转向、割台、输送、剥皮、脱粒、清选、卸粮等机构的运转、传动、间隙情况,并调整到位。二是作业前,检查升降系统是否工作正常;检查有无异常响声和漏油、漏水情况;检查割台、机架等部件有无变形情况。三是发现问题及时解决,使玉米联合收获机达到最佳工作状态,预防和减少作业故障的发生,提高收获质量和效率。四是备足备好田间作业常用工具、零配件、易损零配件等,以便出现故障时能够及时排除。
三、改装机具方式
立足收获倒伏玉米实际需要,对现有收获机适当改装,提升收获效果。一是加长扶禾装置。在收获机割台上加长分禾器尖或加装倒伏扶禾装置,增加扶禾作业行程,适当降低割台小倾角度数,使倒伏玉米更加平顺进入割台。二是加装强制喂入装置。通过加装辅助
拨禾轮或螺旋扶倒器,增加作物强制喂入功能,使玉米秸秆喂入割台前尽量扶正,有条件的地区也可加装动力挠爪,进一步提高倒伏玉米归集喂入质量。三是改装内部功能结构。视情况将铁胶混合剥皮辊改装为全胶剥皮辊,提高扒皮效果,防止铁辊沟槽粘连泥土降低作业效果;将排杂辊改为浮动状态,加装强力风机,将喂入割台的玉米整株有效排出;调整脱粒滚筒转速和凹板间隙,避免过度揉搓,防止茎叶中的水分进入玉米籽粒。
四、确定收获时间
玉米倒伏后应尽早收获,以免发生霉变。一是收获时间要根据当时的天气情况、品种特性和栽培条件来确定,合理安排收获顺序,适时抢收。二是收获时间尽量选择露水消退后进行收获,减少茎叶中的水分进入籽粒,防止霉变发生。三是对于倒伏严重且发生茎折或根折的玉米,符合收获条件的可及早进行收获或直接粉碎还田。四是如遇雨季迫近,且品种易折秆的情况,应提前收获,确保颗粒归仓。
五、选择作业方式
下地前,仔细观察玉米倒伏程度,针对性地采取作业方式。一是确定收获方向。对于倒伏方向与种植行平行的玉米植株宜采取逆向对行收获方式,并空转返回,有利于扶起倒伏玉米进行收割;对于倒伏方向不一致的玉米植株宜采取往复对行收获作业方式,应避免与种植行垂直方向收获。二是降低作业速度。收获时通过降档加油门方式匀速作业,使喂入速度与各系统作业能力相协调,防止倒伏后玉米籽粒湿度较高和果穗粘连泥土等原因造成堵塞,影响作业效果加大作业损失。三是降低割台高度。视玉米倒伏情况,调整收获机分禾器尖与地面的距离,尽量扶起倒伏玉米,割台要及时清理,防止秸秆和泥土在割台堆积,影响作业效果和效率。四是调整作业幅宽。实时控制喂入量,防止喂入量过大,影响收获质量,增加损失率、破碎率。当玉米行距宽窄不一,可不必满割幅作业,避免剐蹭相邻行茎秆,导致植株倒折及果穗掉落,增加损失。五是选用还田装置。有人工捡拾条件的地区,收获作业时可断开秸秆还田装置动力或将该装置提升至最高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎,方便人工捡拾,减少收获损失。需要秸秆还田的可利用秸秆粉碎还田机进行再次作业。
六、科学烘干和收储
收获倒伏玉米后,要及时抓好玉米烘干、仓储,减少损失和霉变。一是采取果穗收获方式,要及时对收集的果穗进行清选,剔除霉变,果穗应离地储存,及时通风降水,有条件的可适时脱粒、烘干、仓储,保证粮食质量。二是采取籽粒收获方式时,应及时采用连续式粮食烘干机进行烘干,水分降低后仓储,以防霉变损失。
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