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新疆：花生收获机械化作业技术又有新标准

2022-09-15 10:19:54 来源：农机网整理发布 阅读量：40571 评论

导读：《新疆花生机械化收获作业技术规范(试行)》于近日印发。

　　【农机网 政策与标准】目前，新疆维吾尔自治区各地已逐步进入花生收获期，为推进花生机械化收获率，确保花生颗粒归仓，由自治区农业农村机械化发展中心提出，自治区农牧业机械化技术推广总站、新疆花生工程技术研究中心起草的《新疆花生机械化收获作业技术规范(试行)》于近日印发。
 
　　要求各地认真执行，在技术规范(试行)的基础上，结合本地实际，探索花生机械化收获合理技术措施，完善适宜本地区花生机械化生产技术体系和作业规范，围绕花生机械化生产的薄弱环节，开展试验、示范、验证，强化技术指导，不断提升技术装备水平，推动花生产业健康发展。
 

　　该标准由新疆维吾尔自治区农机标委会提出、新疆维吾尔自治区农业农村机械化发展中心归口、新疆维吾尔自治区农牧业机械化技术推广总站、 新疆花生工程技术研究中心、新疆天骏驼铃农机有限公司、新疆 天鹰兆丰农业科技有限公司起草。
 
　　该标准规定了花生收获机化技术的收获条件、机具要求、操作 规程、作业质量要求、机具的保养和调整。适用于新疆自治区花生收获机化作业。
 
　　花生分段收获机作业规程——
 
　　花生挖掘铺放作业规程：
 
　　确定花生挖掘铺放机具在田间作业的进出口、作业路线后， 再下田作业。
 
　　启动前检查周围环境，辅助人员和其他旁观者都处于安全位 置后，方可起步。
 
　　花生挖掘铺放机工作前，先使机器空转 5 min，待机器运转正常后方可进行作业。
 
　　根据作物的长势、产量、土壤性质等，选择适宜的作业速度， 花生挖掘铺放机正常行驶速度为中速大油门，时速 3 公里/小时左右。
 
　　夹持式花生挖掘铺放机作业时，通过调整拖拉机的行走方向， 使得链条吃秧口中心与垄上两行花生的中心对齐，确保秧苗顺畅均匀 喂入。
 
　　收获第一垄时，由于拖拉机的轮距与花生垄距不配套，一般 会出现一轮在垄沟底、一轮在垄上或垄脊，需要单边调整悬挂调节拉  杆，维持收获机的机身水平，控制收获机挖掘深度一致。开墒结束后，再调整回初始状态，开始正常作业。
 
　　作业一个工作幅宽到地头后，提升机具后转弯，转弯及降落 机具应缓慢，不宜过快，以防冲击损机，机具落地后严禁倒退。
 
　　作业时，辅助人员应随机观察花生收获的质量，发现问题及 时通知机手停机排除。
 
　　花生捡拾摘果作业规程：
 
　　花生挖掘铺放后，应晾晒 3 d～5 d 后，再采用自走式捡拾收获机进行捡拾摘果作业。自走式花生捡拾摘果机启动发动机前，要认真检查变速操纵杆是否处于空挡位置、主离合器手柄是否处于分离位置，在确认收获机周围无人靠近，鸣笛警示后，才能启动发动机。
 
　　自走式花生捡拾摘果机起步时，要踏下行走离合器，平稳加大油门，待收获机达到额定转速后，再进行收获作业。
 
　　在负荷允许的情况下，花生捡拾摘果机应尽量满幅或接近满 幅工作，减少收获损失。
 
　　自走式花生捡拾摘果机在正常作业时，采用低速大油门作业。 早晚有露水或雨后作业时，应降低作业速度；中午前后，秸秆干燥， 可提高作业速度。
 
　　为便于左侧卸果、草，减少空行，可采取顺时针向心回转收 获。
 
　　果箱或草箱装满后，及时停机卸果、卸草，严禁急刹车。
 
　　花生场地摘果作业规程：
 
　　花生挖掘铺放后，通过收集运输到场地进行固定式摘果作业。 花生摘果机启动发动机或电机前，确认周围无人靠近后，才能启动。
 
　　使机组空转 5 min，待机组运转平稳，均匀输入花生蔓，开始摘果。
 
　　检查花生秧的干鲜程度，采取鲜摘作业花生秧的含水率大于40%；干摘作业花生秧的含水率低于 15%。
 
　　摘果机作业时，排杂口应顺风向而置，严禁将手伸向喂入口。
 
　　喂入物料要均匀一致，如喂入量太大造成机器有异响，应停 止喂入半分钟后再喂料。
 
　　花生联合收获作业规程：
 
　　启动发动机前，将主变速手柄置于“停止”的位置，各离合器 手柄置于“分离”的位置，鸣笛示警，确保周围无人靠近时再启动机  器。
 
　　花生联合收获机从人工收获处进入田块，由田边开始左向转弯 收获。
 
　　刚入地时，距离花生秧 1 m 左右，调整机器方向，使收获机中心与垄中心对齐，然后降低割台，使铲刀入土，操纵限深轮升降手  柄，根据夹持花生秧情况，调整好限深轮的高度。
 
　　试收时尽量慢速作业，边行驶边观察，保持夹持链条入口距离 地面 5 cm～7 cm。
 
　　试收正常后根据作物的长势、产量、土壤性质等，选择合适的 作业速度。在“倒伏档”和“作业档”的位置进行收获作业，禁止在  “行走档”上的高速收获作业。
 
　　收获时要随时调整挖掘铲到适宜高度，检查夹持链是否堵塞， 抖土器是否抖土干净，并根据实际作业情况及时调整。
 
　　作业期间要经常停机清理缠草、缠膜、摘果叶片泥土等。
 
　　一垄收获结束后，将收获台提至最高位置转弯。
 
　　果箱装满后，及时停机卸果。
 
　　作业质量要求：
 
　　在满足花生机械化作业条件下，花生联合收获机、花生挖掘机、花生捡拾收获机的作业质量应满足表 1 的规定。
 
　　作业质量各项指标检测方法应符合 NY/T 502 的规定。
 
　　注：本文由农机网(www.nongjx.com)整理发布，资料来源：新疆农业农村机械化发展中心、新疆维吾尔自治区农牧业机械化技术推广总站、新疆花生工程技术研究中心。
相关资料下载：

《新疆花生机械化收获作业技术规范(试行)》.pdf

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