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农田宜机化改造破解丘陵山区农机化难题

2021-09-14 17:14:43 来源:农机网原创 阅读量:58919 评论

导读:由于丘陵山区的耕地面积占全国耕地面积的近三分之一,而地块破碎、面积小等因素长期制约着农业发展水平的提高。加上当前农村劳动力短缺导致的抛荒现象突出,因此,进行农田宜机化改造的直接目的便是为了改变丘陵山区由于缺乏机耕道路和农田细碎、陡峭不平导致的农机难以田间转移、无法下地、难以作业或作业效率低下的现状,从而使丘陵山区耕地可以普遍适用高质高效的农业机械,提高农业作业效率和效益,推动当地农业现代化水平。

  【农机网 编辑视角】 丘陵山区是我国粮油糖和特色农产品的重要生产基地,也是贫困人口的集中地,分布在19个省区市的1400多个县市区。其耕地面积、农作物播种面积均占全国的三分之一。长期以来,受自然条件限制,丘陵山区地块零散,地块不规则且坡陡坎高,田间缺乏机耕道路,田块细碎、高低不平,导致“牛进得去、铁牛进不去”,农机“下田难”“作业难”,严重制约了我国农业生产全面机械化水平的提升。
 
  近年来,农业农村部将丘陵山区农田宜机化改造作为高标准农田建设的重要内容。什么是农田宜机化改造?即在一定农田区域内,采用工程技术措施,对零散、异形、坡度较大的田块进行“小并大、短变长、弯变直、陡变缓”改造,并完善田间道路及配套水系,使得农田适宜农机通过和作业的改造过程。改造后丘陵山区耕地可以普遍适用高质高效的农业机械,提高农业作业效率和效益,推动当地农业现代化水平。
 
  近年来,我国农田宜机化改造已取得一定成效。以重庆为例,重庆市属于典型的丘陵山区,全市耕地面积共3677万亩,其中15°以下1801万亩,15°一25°1043万亩,25°以上833万亩;单块耕地面积在1亩以下的占80%以上;人均耕地1.16亩,户均不足5亩,耕地分散在3处以上农户数占比高达60%。受制于土地基础条件,重庆市农作物耕种收综合机械化率比全国平均水平低20个百分点。
 
  2014年以来,重庆市开展了农田宜机化改造试验、试点和推广工作。截至2020年3月底,全市农田宜机化改造面积达到58万亩。农田宜机化改造助推了当地水稻、油菜、马铃薯、高粱等主要农作物及柑橘、榨菜、花椒、茶叶、牧草、中药材等特色经济作物的全面全程机械化。改造之后的地块机器能穿梭自如、目标作物机械操作逮及,一般水田亩均节本350元、旱地节本500元以上。2021年开始,重庆市财政每年拿出2亿资金用于农田宜机化改造。
 
  此外,山西、湖南、四川等地也纷纷拿出财政资金用于丘陵山区农田宜机化改造试点。
 
  结语:农田宜机化改造后,面积增大的地块也有利于推动土地流转,提高耕地利用率,发展壮大农业适度规模经营;由于丘陵山区也是贫困人口集中地,对农田进行改造也有利于加快补齐农业基础设施短板,推动当地农业经济发展,助力乡村振兴。

       部分资料来源:重庆市农业农村委员会、澎湃新闻《农田宜机化改造可再造4亿亩良田》。
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