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2021年冬小麦春季科学灌溉技术指导意见

2021-03-15 09:06:26 来源:农业农村部种植业管理司 阅读量:22933 评论

导读:当前冬小麦自南向北陆续进入春季田管关键时期,做好墒情监测、指导农民因墒因苗科学灌溉,对促进夏粮丰收、奋力夺取全年粮食好收成十分重要。目前全国冬麦区土壤墒情总体适宜,局地表墒不足,苗情总体好于去年同期。

  【农机网 科技创新】 当前冬小麦自南向北陆续进入春季田管关键时期,做好墒情监测、指导农民因墒因苗科学灌溉,对促进夏粮丰收、奋力夺取全年粮食好收成十分重要。目前全国冬麦区土壤墒情总体适宜,局地表墒不足,苗情总体好于去年同期。据气象预测,春耕春管期间华北、西北等地降水偏少,春旱可能发生。各地要从春季田管开始,千方百计搞好测墒灌溉指导,确保夏粮再获丰收。
 
  一、华北冬麦区
 
  (一)基本情况。本区域包含北京、天津、河北和山东鲁西北冬麦区。该区域去年秋季降水量接近常年,但降水分布不均。越冬期以来,麦区无大范围有效降水,目前大部麦田存在干土层。1月中旬河北经历了60年以来的低温度,小麦带绿越冬比例低于常年,局地叶片出现干尖枯叶现象,苗情较去年稍差。其他地区苗情好于去年。
 
  (二)灌溉建议。本区域水资源匮乏,地下水超采严重,宜立足麦田土壤墒情和小麦苗情,兼顾节水压采,趁早施策、精准灌溉,促进丰产稳产。墒情适宜的麦田,在起身拔节期浇好春灌第1水,若后期土壤相对含水量不低于65%,可不灌溉;部分墒情不足、苗情较弱的麦田,宜在返青后起身前灌第1水,拔节期灌第2水,并结合灌溉进行追肥,促弱转壮。灌浆期土壤相对含水量低于65%时应及时补灌,采取小水细灌,避免大水漫灌引起后期倒伏。5月下旬至6月上旬可能出现“干热风”天气,要做好一喷三防,有喷灌条件的麦田可提前喷水10m3/亩,补水降温。
 
  (三)节灌措施。本区域主要为井灌区,可采取以下节水灌溉措施:一是软管输水(小白龙)小畦灌,一般麦田畦宽5—7m,长7—9m,面积40—60m2时选用,每次灌水量约50m3/亩。二是微喷灌,选择微喷带喷幅为3—4m,或采用大型喷灌机进行低压微喷,每次灌水量15—20m3/亩。三是喷灌,采用移动式、固定式、地埋式等喷灌设备,每水总灌水量约30m3/亩。微灌和喷灌可少量多次实施,结合灌水进行追肥。气温偏低时可施用含铵态氮的速效肥料或尿素硝酸铵溶液等肥料,每亩施用纯氮5—6kg。
 
  二、黄淮麦区
 
  (一)基本情况。本区域包括河南、山东大部、安徽和江苏两省淮河以北。该区域去年秋播以来出现多次大范围雨雪过程,目前大部分地区墒情适宜,局地表墒不足,土壤相对含水量63%—87%,利于冬小麦返青拔节。当前苗情状况总体较好。
 
  (二)灌溉建议。本区域水资源条件相对较好,春灌要立足墒情和苗情实际,分类施策,实现水肥耦合,促进高产。一、二类苗麦田推迟至拔节期土壤相对含水量低于70%时灌溉,减少无效分蘖,构建高效群体;三类苗麦田开春后要及早中耕划锄、提温保墒,返青期土壤相对含水量低于60%时灌第1水,拔节—孕穗期土壤相对含水量低于70%时灌第2水。灌浆期土壤相对含水量低于65%时应及时补灌。小麦灌浆期可能出现“干热风”天气,应做好一喷三防,有喷灌条件的麦田可提前喷水10m3/亩,补水降温。
 
  (三)节灌措施。本区域主要为井灌区和渠灌区,可采用以下节水措施:一是小畦或窄畦灌溉,小畦灌溉每次灌水量约50m3/亩。窄畦灌溉每次灌水量约70m3/亩,苗情好的麦田灌水量可降低20%,其中畦长小于70m的田块,采用大流量浇“跑马水”,畦长大于70m的地块,采用间歇波涌灌溉。二是软管浇灌,采用输水软管将井水引至田间进行拖管浇灌,每次灌水量约40m3/亩,苗情较好地块可酌情减少灌水量。三是喷灌,采用移动式、固定式、地埋式等喷灌设备,每水总灌水量20—30m3/亩,可结合水肥一体化,按照少量多次的原则进行追肥,每亩施用尿素5—10kg。
 
  三、西北麦区
 
  (一)基本情况。本区域包括山西、陕西、甘肃、宁夏南部冬麦区。该区域大部分土壤相对含水量为65%—73%,墒情适宜。山西南部、陕西渭北及甘肃陇中局地土壤相对含水量不足65%,表墒不足。个别地区土壤相对含水量低于65%,出现轻旱。当前苗情总体好于去年同期。
 
  (二)灌溉建议。本区域水资源匮乏,十年九旱。水浇地以“节”为主,其中稠旺苗和一类苗麦田在起身期喷施化控调节剂,控制麦苗旺长,拔节期土壤相对含水量低于65%时进行灌溉;二类苗麦田在返青期土壤相对含水量低于60%时灌溉,结合灌水亩追施尿素3—4kg;三类苗在起身初期和拔节期土壤相对含水量低于55%时各灌溉1次,结合灌水亩追施尿素5—6kg。部分春季干土层较厚、旱情严重的麦田,应尽快进行灌溉,孕穗期土壤相对含水量低于65%的麦田,需及时灌溉。旱地以“蓄”为主,春后应及早镇压划锄,保墒提温,趁墒追肥,促弱转壮。对晚播弱苗田和底肥不足麦田,亩追施尿素4—6kg;对未施底肥的麦田,亩追施尿素8—10kg,并配施适量磷酸二铵。
 
  (三)节溉措施。本区域主要为渠灌区和井灌区,可采取以下节水灌溉措施:一是短(窄)畦灌溉,每次灌水量50—60m3/亩。二是软管输水(小白龙)畦灌,每次灌水量30—40m3/亩。三是喷灌,采用移动式、固定式、地埋式等喷灌设备,每水总灌水量20—30m3/亩,可结合水肥一体化,按少量多次原则追肥,每亩施用尿素5—6kg。
 
  四、长江中下游和西南麦区
 
  (一)基本情况。本区域主要包括江苏、安徽南部、湖北、四川和云南等地麦区。该区域去年11-12月份降水量较常年同期减少5成以上,气温与常年同期基本持平。目前该区域大部分土壤相对含水量65%-87%,土壤墒情总体适宜。四川北部、云南东北部部分旱地小麦0-20cm土壤相对含水量低于60%,表墒不足。目前苗情总体好于常年同期,略差于去年同期。
 
  (二)灌溉建议。本区域水资源丰富,降水量大,针对当前苗情、墒情和气候特点,宜灌排结合、促控结合,促进高产稳产。小麦返青—拔节期通常不需灌溉,但土壤相对含水量持续低于65%时,应及时灌溉。扬花灌浆期土壤相对含水量低于65%时,灌溉1次,灌水量不超过50m3/亩。遇到持续降雨、麦田出现渍涝时,应及时清沟理渠、疏通田内外沟系,保证排水通畅。
 
  (三)节灌措施。本区域主要为天然地表水灌区,水源多为山塘、水库、湖泊、江河等,可采取以下节水灌溉措施:一是软管输水(小白龙)+小畦灌溉,每次灌水量不超过50m3/亩。二是有条件的地区采用低压喷灌带、移动式喷灌、固定式喷灌等,结合水肥一体化,按少量多次原则追肥,每水总灌水量20—30m3/亩。
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