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河南省推进耕地地力保护与提升工作,到2025年秸秆综合利用率或达到93%以上

2021-01-27 13:55:54 来源:农机网整理发布 阅读量:32792 评论

导读:到2025年,全省测土配方施肥技术覆盖率达到90%以上,畜禽粪污综合利用率达到85%以上,农作物秸秆综合利用率达到93%以上,耕作层土壤有机质含量平均提高0.2个百分点,耕作层厚度平均达到22cm以上,耕地内在质量和产出能力明显提升,对粮食生产和农业可持续发展的支撑能力持续提高。

  【农机网 地方农机】 为深入实施“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”战略,提升耕地内在质量和产出能力,夯实国家粮食安全基础,日前,河南省农业农村厅印发了《河南省耕地地力保护与提升工作方案》(以下简称《方案》),对相关工作作了安排部署。
 
  《方案》指出,河南省现有耕地面积12288万亩,其中:水田1138万亩、水浇地6919万亩、旱地4231万亩。全省基本农田10176万亩。按地貌类型划分,平原区耕地8537万亩,占69.47%;丘陵区耕地2572万亩,占20.93%;山区耕地1179万亩,占9.60%。2019年,河南省耕地平均质量等级为4.41,土壤有机质平均含量为18.9g/kg,耕层平均厚度20.4cm,近年来均呈略微提升趋势。
 

  河南省农业生产具有分散化种植、高复种耕作等特点,重用地轻养地、重无机轻有机、重当前轻长远的“三重三轻”现象尚在部分地区存在,同时,耕地地力方面还存在以下问题:
 
  一是中低产田面积占比较大。按照农业行业标准《全国耕地类型区、耕地地力等级划分》,结合近几年全省粮食产量情况,对河南省耕地地力分析结果显示,全省中低产田面积约占60%左右。
 
  二是土壤有机质略有增加,但依然偏低。2019年,河南省土壤有机质平均含量为18.9g/kg,比1997年的14.1g/kg增加4.8g/kg,但低于全国24.4g/kg的平均水平。
 
  三是耕作层厚度有待提升。2017年,河南省耕地耕作层平均厚度20.3cm,比2014年的19.3cm厚度增加1.1cm,但低于全国21.6cm的平均厚度。
 
  四是局部地区土壤酸化问题突出。豫南和豫西南地区土壤酸化有加重和扩大趋势,局部地区与第二次土壤普查相比土壤pH值了降低了1-2个单位。
 
  《方案》明确了工作目标:到2025年,全省测土配方施肥技术覆盖率达到90%以上,畜禽粪污综合利用率达到85%以上,农作物秸秆综合利用率达到93%以上,耕作层土壤有机质含量平均提高0.2个百分点,耕作层厚度平均达到22cm以上,耕地内在质量和产出能力明显提升,对粮食生产和农业可持续发展的支撑能力持续提高。
 
  同时,《方案》提出了以下几点重点工作:
 
  (一)推进高标准农田项目区地力提升
 
  新建高标准农田,要在目前做好“田、水、路、林、电、管”基础上,进一步在“土、技”上下功夫。一是落实建前建后耕地质量监测。高标准农田建设前后,坚持对项目区耕地质量和等级进行监测评价,摸清建设前后耕作层厚度、土壤有机质含量、酸碱度等耕地质量现状。二是落实提升措施。要结合建前耕地质量监测情况,在建设区采取单一或综合措施,保护和提升耕地地力,措施覆盖面积达到80%以上。三是开展高效节水灌溉示范创建。按照省政府的统一部署和要求,2020年建设30个高效节水灌溉示范县,到2025年,力争全省绝大多数县(市、区)建有高效节水灌溉示范区。在高效节水灌溉示范区,推广应用水肥一体化等工程措施,探索节水、化肥农药减量增效新途径。四是建设国家级标准耕地质量监测点。各地结合耕地质量监测点建设情况,在新建项目区规划建设高标准耕地质量监测点,力争2025年,全省绝大多数县(市、区)至少建成一个国家级标准的耕地质量监测点,为全省“数字耕地”建设打下基础。
 
  (二)开展退化耕地治理
 
  以酸化、盐碱化土壤治理为核心,通过采取不同措施,改善土壤理化性质,治理退化耕地。一是酸化耕地治理。在豫南、豫西南耕地酸化地区,施用石灰质物质或酸性土壤调理剂,改施碱性肥料品种,开展耕地酸化治理示范。二是盐碱化耕地治理。在沿黄两岸、黄河故道等耕地盐碱化地区,配套滴灌系统,实施秸杆还田、地膜覆盖、工程改碱压盐和耕作压盐,开展盐碱化治理示范。
 
  (三)推进耕作层构建与保护利用
 
  一是坚持耕作层土壤剥离利用。耕作层土壤是耕地的精华和不可再生的资源。会同自然资源部门开展占用耕地耕作层土壤剥离利用试点,剥离后重点用于中低产田改造、高标准农田建设和土地复垦,以增加耕作层厚度、改善土壤结构。同时,将占用耕地耕作层土壤剥离利用纳入市县政府耕地保护责任目标考核内容。二是科学实施深耕深松。以农机购置补贴和深松整地作业补贴为抓手,以增加耕层深度为核心,全面落实省农机深松整地任务安排,确保完成农业农村部下达的农机深松整地任务。推动深松适宜周期的良性循环。三是开展轮作试点。通过推广合理轮作、间作、套种模式,开展耕地轮作试点,发挥生物固氮和养地肥田作用,减轻连作障碍,改善土壤生态环境。
 
  (四)培肥改良耕地地力
 
  以均衡养分管理、有机质提升为核心,通过秸杆还田、增施有机肥、种植绿肥、精准施肥等措施,持续提升土壤肥力。一是秸秆还田培肥。加大秸秆还田新技术应用力度,重点推广秸秆粉碎还田、腐熟还田等技术,2020年底,秸秆综合利用率达到90%以上。二是增施有机肥。支持适度规模养殖场进行畜禽粪污无害化处理、生产有机肥,引导农民增施有机肥,建立果菜茶等经济作物有机肥替代示范区,推广应用有机肥,每年施用有机肥面积不少于2万亩。三是种植绿肥。在适宜地区,引导新型农业经营主体、种粮大户示范推广冬种紫云英等绿肥。四是开展测土配方施肥。不断完善小麦、玉米、花生等主要作物施肥指标体系,优化肥料配方,开展田间肥效试验,建立化肥减量增效示范区。
 
  (五)积极防控耕地污染
 
  以耕地生态保护为核心,加大耕地环境动态监测,积极防控农业面源污染,重点是化肥农药减量增效、农业生产废弃物资源化利用、土壤重金属污染防治、源头控污等。一是化肥农药减量增效。推广测土配方施肥、病虫害统防统治、绿色防控等技术,调整化肥农药使用结构、改进施肥施药方式,深入推进化肥农药减量增效。二是农业生产废弃物资源化利用。加快推进畜禽粪污资源化利用整县推进项目建设;积极推进畜禽粪污资源化利用向“畜—肥—粮”农牧结合领域延伸,开展粮改饲和循环农业试点;推进农用薄膜、农药包装等废弃物回收处理。三是开展土壤重金属污染防治。优化并持续开展受重金属污染耕地土壤和农产品协同监测,依法实施耕地分类管理。四是持续开展源头控污。深入开展美丽乡村、“四美乡村”建设,引导广大农民群众广泛参与,严格防控农村生活垃圾、生活污水及工业“三废”污染耕地。
 
  (六)科学监测耕地质量
 
  建立健全耕地质量监测网络和“数字耕地”大数据平台,科学开展耕地质量调查与评价工作。一是完善耕地质量监测网络。开展已建耕地质量监测点情况调查摸底和质量提升,争取2025年绝大多数县至少建成一个国家级标准的耕地质量监测点。有条件的地方可探索将耕地质量监测与土壤墒情、苗情、虫情监测一体化建设。二是建设“数字耕地”大数据平台。建立省级“数字耕地”数据平台,及时掌握分区耕地质量状况,为领导决策和农业生产提供依据和支撑。三是开展耕地质量调查评价。开展全省耕地质量调查与评价,对耕地立地条件、设施保障条件、土壤理化性状、环境状况等进行全面调查,综合评价耕地质量等级。
 
  本文由农机网(www.nongjx.com)整理发布,资料来源:河南省农业农村厅,如有侵权或异议请联系我们。
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