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三年多的“粮改饲”政策实施长跑,改变了哪些现状?

2018-08-03 16:02:54 来源:中国农机网原创 作者:林言 阅读量:51096 评论

导读: 粮改饲政策是近几年我国实施的一项重要的农业改革政策,是农业部落实党中央、国务院关于加快农业供给侧结构性改革,推进农业结构调整的重大部署。自2015年启动实施粮改饲试点工作以来,目前试点范围已扩大到17个省(区),2017年的《全国种植业结构调整规划》提出,到2020年饲草料面积发展到9500万亩,其中青贮玉米面积要达到2500万亩。

  【中国农机网 编辑视角】 粮改饲政策是近几年我国实施的一项重要的农业改革政策,是农业部落实党中央、国务院关于加快农业供给侧结构性改革,推进农业结构调整的重大部署。自2015年启动实施粮改饲试点工作以来,目前试点范围已扩大到17个省(区),2017年的《全国种植业结构调整规划》提出,到2020年饲草料面积发展到9500万亩,其中青贮玉米面积要达到2500万亩。

  那么自2015年政策实施至今,粮改饲带来了哪些变化呢?
 
  镰刀湾地区玉米减调成果显著
 
  “镰刀弯”地区是一个俗称,包括黑龙江内蒙古第四、第五积温带的冷凉地区、北方农牧交错区、西北风沙干旱区和西南石漠化地区,这个地区在地图上的形状像个镰刀。这一区域涉及到河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江等13个省的部分地区,是典型的旱作农业区和畜牧业发展优势区,生态环境脆弱,玉米产量低而不稳。这些年来国家玉米库存一直有增无减,居高不下,“粮改饲”主要是减调粮食玉米种植面积,增加青贮玉米等饲草作物的种植。据统计,2016年玉米减调面积超过3000万亩,2017年累计减调4000万亩,2018年预计继续减调500万亩,争取到2020年达到“镰刀弯”地区玉米面积调减5000万亩以上”的目标。
 
  种养一体化优势明显,畜牧业健康发展
 
  种养一体化是目前推进粮改饲为普遍的一种典型模式,从区域看,这种模式适合于东北、西北等耕地面积大、牛羊养殖多、养殖企业规模化水平较高的地区,辽宁、新疆等试点省区该模式所占比例超过了60%。草畜有机结合,产业间相互促进,既降低了养殖成本,又保障了饲草料常年均衡供应,促进了种植和养殖的提质增效。
 
  内蒙古是全国17个粮改饲试点省(区)之一,自2015年粮改饲政策以来,农牧业部门狠抓落实,聚焦农区玉米主产带和牧区牛羊养殖大县,大力开展粮改饲试点。按照稳羊、增牛、调结构的工作思路,逐渐构建起了农牧结合和种养互动的发展模式,极大地调动了农牧民的积极性。好政策带来好效益,内蒙古农牧交错带区域的种养关系变得和谐有序,可以说正是因为有了粮改饲试点,使得草更绿、天更蓝、羊肥牛更壮。
 
  种植养殖双收益,农牧民受益增收
 
  粮改饲政策实施以来有力地推进了农业结构调整,种植养殖农户收入均有大幅提高。据了解,对农民而言,种植一亩牧草比种青稞能增收三四百元;对养殖场而言,每增加1公斤青贮草可减少0.5公斤精饲料投喂,这样奶牛每年可节本2600多元,肉牛育肥期节约600多元、肉羊节约80多元。
 
  黑龙江省自政策实施以来,粮改饲实施主体以规模化养殖场户和专业收贮主体为主,全省65个粮改饲实施市县规模化养殖场户和专业收贮主体收贮量达到339万吨,占全省收贮总量的98.6%,实现了种植效益和养殖效益双提高。据了解,全省种植青贮玉米亩平均收益906元,籽粒玉米亩平均收益690元,青贮玉米种植收益高出籽粒玉米216元;据测算,每饲喂1元成本的青贮饲料,其产值为1.32元,与不饲喂青贮饲料相比,产值增加0.16元,综合饲料成本下降13.8%。肉牛育肥及其他草食牲畜的整体养殖效益也明显优于不饲喂青贮。
 
  饲料机械迅速发展,成农机市场“黑马”
 
  在粮改饲政策“春风”下,近几年青贮收获机、饲草收获机等饲料机械迎来了发展“黄金期”,并且到目前市场依然在扩大,成为农机市场为数不多保持继续增长的黑马。国外品牌如克罗尼、科乐收、约翰迪尔、纽荷兰四大青饲机巨头以及民族品牌如中联重科、雷沃重工、五征等都在饲料机械市场获得了一定份额。
 
  结语
 
  粮改饲政策关乎国家粮食安全、农牧民增收和农业供给侧结构性改革,是当前“三农”领域牵一发而动全身的大政策。粮改饲的成功实践表明,这项政策顺应农业结构调整大势,是符合现代农牧业发展方向的,前景广阔。
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