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2024年大麦生产指导意见

2024-05-13 09:44:50 来源:农业农村部小宗粮豆专家指导组、全国农业技术推广服务中心 阅读量:18352 评论

导读:全国农业技术推广服务中心会同农业农村部小宗粮豆专家指导组,以“南方科学施肥、防涝抗倒;北方精细整地、高质量播种”为重点,提出了2024年大麦生产技术指导意见。

  【农机网 科技创新】 为加强大麦生产指导,促进全年稳产增产,根据不同大麦产区生产特点、气候条件,全国农业技术推广服务中心会同农业农村部小宗粮豆专家指导组,以“南方科学施肥、防涝抗倒;北方精细整地、高质量播种”为重点,提出了2024年大麦生产技术指导意见。
 
  一、南方冬大麦区
 
  (一)科学施肥根据田间苗情长势、冻害恢复情况及大麦用途,施用拔节孕穗肥和穗肥。啤用大麦在第一节间伸长到第二节间伸长期间(叶龄余数3.0左右)追施拔节孕穗肥,一般亩施尿素10公斤左右,复合肥12.5—15公斤,早茬口旺长田复合肥减少用量。为防止籽粒蛋白质含量偏高,啤酒大麦严禁施用穗肥,可结合病虫防治,喷施叶面肥。饲用或青贮大麦除在第一节间伸长期间(叶龄余数3.5左右)追施拔节肥孕穗肥外,旗叶抽出期追施尿素5—7.5公斤作为穗肥。
 
  (二)防涝抗倒。长江中下游预期中后期降水多的麦区,要全面系统检查和清理田间沟系,及时疏通排水不畅的横、竖沟,保持进、排沟通畅,尽可能的降低进、排河水位,特别是机械抛肥、喷药后造成的横沟堵塞,冬季冻融后的缺口塌方,做到雨止田间无明水,做好排涝防渍准备。适时化控防倒,拔节前一个叶龄,对群体茎蘖数超过80万/亩的晚茬大麦田块,喷施植物生长调节剂对基本节间进行化控;群体茎蘖数超过100万/亩早茬大麦田块,在拔节期用植物生长调节剂对基本节间再化控一次。
 
  )防治病虫草害注重杂草防控,加大调查力度,一旦发现杂草残留较重的地段,在拔节前的冷尾暖头,及时采取人工、化学除草。加强病虫防治,经常性调查田间白粉病、蚜虫和麦圆蜘蛛发生动态,群体偏大、早播的田块、易感病品种要重点调查病虫害发展情况,做到早发现早防治。对于白粉病严重地块,间隔14—15天进行第二次药剂防治。根据麦蚜和麦圆蜘蛛发生情况,可采用化学药剂喷雾,虫量较大时可间隔7—10天连续防治2次。
 
  二、北方春大麦区
 
  (一)合理选地整地。大麦对前茬作物要求不严,但仍应尽量避免连作。灌溉地区优良前茬一般为玉米、甜菜、油菜、马铃薯、豆类、瓜类及向日葵等中耕作物。旱作地区则避免与玉米、向日葵等田间耗水量大的作物倒茬。在豆类、绿肥作物和苜蓿等作物之后种植大麦时,须少施氮肥,增加磷、钾肥。春大麦生育期短、根系发育弱,整地工作要做到“早、深、多、细”,充分熟化土壤,创造松软细绵、上虚下实的土壤条件。为适时早播,提高播种质量,保证苗全、苗齐、苗壮,提供深、细、平、实的土壤环境。北方地区春大麦适宜旱地、灌溉地和盐碱地,其耕作方法均应围绕纳雨保墒和熟化土壤来进行。
 
  高质量适时早播。落实种子包衣、药剂拌种技术,减少“白籽”下地。多种病虫混合重发区,要因地制宜合理选用杀菌剂和杀虫剂复配拌种。春大麦宜适期早播,以利多生根、生长根、增分蘖,北方春大麦区适宜播种期以平均气温0℃—2℃、表土化冻5—10厘米,在夜冻午消时抢时播种为宜。根据地力条件、播种期和品种等确定播量,一般每亩15—20公斤,土壤肥力水平过高时,播种量不宜过大;早播分蘖成穗率高可适当少播,晚播分蘖成穗率低则应适当加大播量;早熟成穗率低品种适当多播,晚熟成穗率高品种适当少播;高海拔地区适当增加播量,低海拔地区适当减少播量。注意提高播种均匀度,做到行距一致、播量准确、深浅一致,严格控制播种深度,3—4厘米为宜;同等条件下,旱地宜深些,灌溉地宜浅些;土地肥沃、土壤质地好的可深些,反之则浅些;沙质土壤可深些,盐碱地和黏性大的土壤可浅些;土壤墒情差可深些,墒情好可浅些;大粒种子可深些,小粒种子可浅些。做好播后镇压,主要是压碎土块,沉实土壤,弥住裂缝,使种子与土壤紧密接触。
 
  )科学田间管理。抓好养分管理,按照“基肥足、追肥早”的原则科学施肥,一般基肥亩施纯氮8—12公斤、纯磷8—16公斤(氮磷比接近1:1—1:1.3)、钾肥5公斤,以促进壮苗早发和品质改善。抓好水分管理,若全生育期浇3次水,一般第一水在三叶期或三叶一心期浇,间隔30—40天第二水约挑旗至抽穗期浇,第三水蜡熟期浇;若全生育期浇两水,第一水三叶期或三叶一心期浇,间隔40天后第二水在开花期或灌浆初期浇为宜;在水利条件差,水源不足,全生育期只能浇一水的地方,应以灌浆初期浇水为宜。在大麦生长后期注意天气状况,灌溉应在晴朗无风的条件下进行,严格控制灌水量以防倒伏,同时兼顾选择抗倒伏的优良品种和适宜栽培技术防倒。抓好除草防虫,利用田化学除草的有利时机,一般在大麦4—5叶到进入分蘖期时,使用5%唑啉草酯乳油等喷施。大麦田间主要虫害为蚜虫,宜在发生初期防治。
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