黑龙江省关于印发《2023年黑龙江省备春耕生产机械化指导意见》的通知,黑龙江省,备春耕生产机械化-农机网
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地点: 呼和浩特市
开展时间: 2023-03-26
举办单位: 内蒙古农牧业产业化龙头企业协会、内蒙古绿色与有机食品协会、亚洲牛业协会、亚洲羊业协会
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地点: 北京市
开展时间: 2023-04-20
举办单位: 中国农业工程学会、中国农业国际合作促进会
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地点: 石家庄市
开展时间: 2023-04-20
举办单位: 河北省奶业协会
黑龙江省关于印发《2023年黑龙江省备春耕生产机械化指导意见》的通知
2023-03-10
09:52:18
来源:黑龙江省农业机械化技术推广总站 阅读量:10780
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导读:省农业农村厅现制定了《2023年黑龙江省备春耕生产机械化指导意见》,现印发。
关于印发《2023年黑龙江省备春耕生产机械化指导意见》的通知
各市(地)、县(市、区)农业农村局:
按照省委农村工作会议精神,全力抓好粮食生产安排部署,省农业农村厅现制定了《2023年黑龙江省备春耕生产机械化指导意见》,现印发给你们。请各地结合实际,认真抓好落实。
黑龙江省农业农村厅
2023年3月8日
2023年黑龙江省备春耕生产机械化指导意见
去年我省封冻前大部农区墒情良好,根据气象部门预测,今春初期我省气温略高往年,初春降水略多且分布不均,后春有阶段性低温,终霜冻正常略早,西旱东涝现象仍较明显。各地要结合当前农业生产实际,迅速行动,依托大型先进农机装备,强化良种良法相配套,农机农艺相结合,积极应对春季旱涝低温灾害的影响,抢抓农时全力做好高质量高标准春耕生产准备,为提升粮食产能夺丰收创造有利条件。
一、开展旱田高标准整地抢墒播种
(一)分类指导,适时整地
1.未进行秋整地地块
上年秋季未进行整地的地块需将地表秸秆及时进行处理,因地制宜开展春季整地。一是对于秸秆离田地块,在土壤化冻前的有效时间,采取机械打包等形式将秸秆尽快离田,适时采取多功能联合整地复式作业,一次完成旋耕灭茬、耙耢碎土、起垄镇压等连续作业,随整地随播种,避免跑墒;二是对于秸秆还田地块,当土壤化冻深度达到10~15厘米时,使用秸秆全量还田机一次性完成秸秆粉碎还田、碎土混埋、深松灭茬、起垄镇压等联合整地作业。也可直接用缺口重耙进行45度对角耙两遍,耙后起垄镇压;三是禁止露天焚烧秸秆,减少大气污染。
2.实施秋整地未达待播状态地块
对春旱高发地区,要充分利用土壤返浆水,及早整地,及时镇压保墒。一是对秋整地起垄地块,视天气和土壤墒情,在土壤化冻3~5厘米时,及时进行顶凌镇压封住土壤表墒;二是对于秋整地未起垄地块,先进行顶凌封墒作业,当土壤化冻10~15厘米时,及时顶凌起垄、镇压连续作业保墒提温;三是对敞口越冬地块,要抓住墒情顶凌整地,在土壤融化5~7厘米时实施耢地封墒,土壤融化10~15厘米时耙两遍后直接起垄、镇压,各项作业连续完成达到播种状态。
3.秸秆覆盖还田免耕少耕播种地块
对于秸秆覆盖还田地块,如上一年有深翻深松基础,可采用不动土或少动土的方式,实施免、少耕播种或原垄卡种。若秋季玉米机械收获时秸秆粉碎效果不好或不达标准,春季可以采用
秸秆粉碎还田机进行作业,达到秸秆和茬管破碎,均匀分布在垄沟,清理种床完成及时使用
免耕播种机播种。如果地表秸秆覆盖量大、地温低,可采用条耕机进行条带耕作,也可用归行机进行秸行条带归行处理,清洁播种带地表秸秆,提升地温,再进行对行免耕播种作业。
4.低洼易涝积雪严重地块
对土壤湿度过大、积雪较多或积水涝象严重的地块,要充分利用春季气温偏高、春风较大、土壤解冻和化冻速度快的条件,及早耢雪散墒、抢排积水、清理田间秸秆,进行晒田散墒和起垄散墒,一般可采取组合耙或高速耙,耙一至两遍,对车辙较深的地块要平整地表,然后起垄镇压。确保在土壤宜耕期内完成整地作业。
(二)科学选种,抢墒精播
依据《黑龙江省2023年农作物优质高效品种种植区域布局》要求,选择适宜当地生态条件、通过国家或省级审定(备案)的熟期适合、抗病抗虫、抗逆性强、适应性广、丰产稳产、适宜全程机械化的优良品种。当5~10厘米耕层日平均地温稳定达到8℃左右,土壤含水量在20%左右时,采用精量
播种机或免耕播种机按照农艺要求直接进行施肥播种,要科学确定种植密度,做到播种精细、用种精量、下籽均匀、深浅一致、覆土严密,直接播种地块要随播随压,播深为镇压后3~5厘米,施肥深度8~10厘米。
凡是墒情适宜,地温达到播种条件的,一定要适时早播、抢播,最佳播种期内完成播种。一是对于春旱严重或土壤墒情低于18%的区域,地块要适当增加镇压强度,可采用适时早播“抢墒”、深播种浅覆土“接墒”和坐(滤)水种“增墒”、水肥一体化等节水抗旱技术播种,确保一次播种保全苗。二是采用保护性耕作种植的地块,在地温适宜时直接免耕播种,尽量做到少动土或不动土,以免失墒。春涝地块不可湿耕湿种,在加快散墒作业的基础上,适当浅播浅种浅覆土,隔天轻镇压,促进早出苗。三是如果适宜期内确实不能达到播种条件的,要提前选择适宜的早熟品种,可适当增加种植密度、适时晚播种植。
二、推进水田高标准整地适时移栽
(一)因地施策,标准整地
1.已完成秋整地地块
去年秋季实施秸秆翻埋还田或旋耕还田地块,春季根据秧龄及移栽时间,在插秧前7~10天施基肥后泡田,泡田3~5天后用四轮驱动拖拉机或履带式拖拉机配备水田搅浆埋茬平地机进行浅水搅浆整地,作业时水深控制在1~3厘米花达水状态为宜,作业1~3遍,稻茬秸秆埋压入泥面5厘米以下,稻田表面平整呈泥浆状,沉淀5~7天,达到待插状态。
2.未完成秋整地地块
未完成秋整地的地块,春季可选择原茬直接搅浆整地,在插秧前7~10天施入基肥后直接放水泡田,泡田5~7天时浅水搅浆埋茬作业两遍。对于高留茬(25~30cm)地块,可采用埋茬搅浆平地机或双轴灭茬搅浆平地机进行搅浆平地作业,水深控制在1~3厘米“花达水”状态为宜,搅浆深度16~18厘米,作业后田面平整无秸秆漂浮,沉淀5~7天,达到待插状态。
如出现大量秸秆漂浮,请将田块内水排干,沉淀1~2天,用搅浆平地机再进行1遍搅浆平地作业,沉淀3~5天,在沉淀期间适时补水,到达待插状态。
(二)高速机插,精准施肥
当日平均气温稳定通过13℃时开始插秧,毯状苗秧龄3.1~3.5叶龄(钵育苗秧龄4.1~4.5叶龄)时为最佳移栽期,采用带有侧深施肥装置的水稻乘坐式高速插秧机进行机插秧作业,可一次完成插秧和施肥作业,每穴3~5株,插秧深度1~2厘米,肥料距稻根侧向距离4~5厘米,深度5厘米,即实现精准施肥,又提高了肥料利用率,减少面源污染。插秧水深控制在1~2厘米为佳,插秧后根据天气变化及时排补水。
三、加强农机检修保养
各地农机主管部门要充分发挥农机推广部门、农机生产企业、农机合作社和农机大户的作用,主动协调好经销企业和生产厂家,积极开展农机装备集中检修和保养服务,保障春耕生产期间的农机配件供应,使投入作业机械全部处于良好技术状态。
四、抓好技术指导与服务
一是各地要充分利用春季农闲时间,积极采取线上线下培训、科技下乡进村等方式举办多层次、多形式的实用技术培训,突出新型职业农民、农机大户和合作社经理重点人群,培养一批能够熟练掌握新技术新机具操作规程的技术骨干和作业机手。二是充分依托农机作业服务组织大型农机装备的功能,合理调配作业机具,积极开展代耕、托管等服务,确保春耕生产有序进行。三是要牢固树立防灾减灾意识,提高应急处置能力,及时发布预警信息和技术指南,指导农民落实初春“倒春寒”、干旱等灾害应对方法,组织开展病虫害统防统治和绿色防控措施。四是各级农机技术专家、技术服务人员要定期在田间地头巡回指导和蹲点服务,为后期创丰收夺高产提供有效技术支撑。
五、强化农机作业安全与服务
一是各地在春耕时期要切实加强对农机安全生产工作的组织领导,严格落实农机安全生产责任,自觉遵守《农业机械安全监督管理条例》等法律法规。二是全面加强省级现代农机专业合作社、农机大户等机务安全管理,通过采取各种行之有效的形式,加强农机安全生产宣传教育,提高农机手安全操作的自觉性和广大农民的安全意识。三是严格遵守操作规程,严禁无证驾驶、酒后驾驶、农机带病作业、超载超速运行,提高农机上牌率、持证率和检验率,强化反光标识使用,全面消除事故隐患。四是及时了解掌握本辖区农机安全生产工作情况,突出做好事故预防与应急处理工作,严防安全监管漏洞,妥善处理突发事故,切实保障广大农民生命财产安全。
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