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大豆玉米带状复合种植中后期生产技术意见

2022-08-09 14:54:25 来源:农业农村部种植业管理司 阅读量:16473 评论

导读:国家大豆玉米带状复合种植专家指导组会同全国农业技术推广服务中心,分区域、分播期研究提出大豆玉米带状复合种植中后期生产技术意见。

  【农机网 热点关注】当前,正值大豆玉米带状复合种植产量形成的关键时期,为积极应对大豆玉米中后期易脱肥、倒伏及旱涝、病虫危害,国家大豆玉米带状复合种植专家指导组会同全国农业技术推广服务中心,分区域、分播期研究提出大豆玉米带状复合种植中后期生产技术意见。
 
  一、西北及长江流域春大豆春玉米带状间作区
 
  目前,带状复合种植早熟大豆已处于结荚鼓粒期、部分晚熟大豆进入花荚期,玉米大多处于抽雄吐丝期、部分进入灌浆乳熟期。内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等地受季节性降雨和追肥影响,大豆出现长势过旺、叶片肥大等现象,玉米、大豆锈病及萤叶甲、豆荚螟、斜纹夜蛾、点蜂蝝蝽等病虫害时有发生。中后期重点抓好3项措施:一是防病治虫。加强大豆玉米后期病虫害管理,做好西北地区大豆食心虫、双斑萤叶甲和长江流域豆荚螟、玉米锈病的统一防治。结合病虫害防治做好促荚增粒,建议无人机统一喷施杀菌剂杀虫剂和叶面肥,如40%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂+氨基酸水溶肥+磷酸二氢钾+4%高氯·甲维盐微乳剂等。二是及时控旺。对大豆旺长地块,及时开展化学调控,防止贪青晚熟;对存在明显花荚脱落和大量无花荚的植株,可采用人工控旺,掐去主茎顶端2—3厘米的嫩尖,并将不结荚或结荚比较少的植株及时拔除。三是促弱转壮。对于苗情长势较弱的玉米,可叶面喷施氨基酸或腐植酸水溶肥,促进苗情转化。
 
  二、西南夏大豆春玉米带状套作区
 
  四川、重庆等地的套种夏大豆正处于苗期,春玉米已开始收获。受7月份持续高温晴热天气影响,大豆普遍长势较弱、植株纤细、分枝较少,部分地块存在缺苗断垄现象,特别是撂荒地今年新种大豆,存在出苗差、苗后旱死等现象。同时,受高温和种传病毒影响,大豆蚜虫、病毒病及红蜘蛛等病虫害有少量发生。中后期重点抓好3项措施:一是玉米适时收获。利用整机宽度不大于1.6米的窄型两行自走式玉米联合收获机及时机收玉米,实施秸秆粉碎还田;对人工收获田块,应在收穗后及时砍倒玉米秸秆就地还田,避免玉米秆对大豆的荫蔽。二是大豆提苗促壮。玉米收获后,建议无人机或人工统一喷施杀虫剂和生长调节剂,如8%胺鲜酯+98%磷酸二氢钾+氨基酸水溶肥+2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯等;对大豆植株较弱的地块,可在雨后撒施2—3公斤尿素。三是防治病虫害。采用物理防控与化学防治相结合的方式防治病虫害,有条件的地方可安装智能LED集成波段太阳能杀虫灯+性诱剂诱芯装置诱杀斜纹夜蛾、豆荚螟、金龟科害虫等。化学防治应利用无人机统防1—2次,如2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯+5%虱螨脲+12%甲维虫螨腈+10%已唑醇+5%烯效唑,按推荐剂量使用。注意害虫对药剂的抗药性,交替用药。
 
  三、黄淮海夏大豆夏玉米带状间作区
 
  目前,大豆处于花期,玉米处于大喇叭口期前后。受7月份持续降雨影响,土壤墒情适宜,大豆玉米长势较好,部分地块大豆存在旺长现象,玉米褐斑病、顶腐病、玉米螟等病虫害有一定发生。中后期重点抓好“四防一补”:防高温干旱。高温干旱对大豆开花授粉、玉米穗发育影响较大,出现高温干旱且近期无有效降雨,应及时灌溉降温,确保土壤水分含量保持在70%—83%。防涝害渍害。当遭遇暴雨或连阴雨天气时,要及时排除田间积水,做到雨停田干,降低土壤和空气湿度,促进植株正常生长。防强风倒伏。对大豆玉米植株较高、叶片长势较旺的地块,应在苗期化控的基础上,在大豆初花期利用无人机统一喷施5%烯效唑或30%多效唑·甲哌鎓等;对个别玉米植株较高的田块,可利用玉米降高调节剂(如胺鲜脂和乙烯利合剂)进行定向喷施。大豆玉米开花期以前遭遇大风,出现倒伏的,可不采取措施,靠植株自身调节恢复;开花期以后严重倒伏的,可人工适当扶正、两行对扶,增加田间通风透光。防病害虫害。大豆重点防治斜纹夜蛾、蚜虫、点蜂蝝蝽、红蜘蛛、食心虫、病毒病、灰斑病、霜霉病等,重点注意大豆“症青”的监测和防治;玉米主要防治玉米螟、黏虫、草地贪夜蛾、桃蛀螟、顶腐病、褐斑病、南方锈病等。通过智能LED集成波段杀虫灯和性诱剂等绿色防控为主,病虫害发生较重田块可采取杀菌剂、杀虫剂、增效剂、调节剂、微肥“五合一套餐”防治1—2次。补化肥微肥。对前期玉米施肥不足、长势较弱的地块,应及时追施穗肥,亩施尿素15—20公斤或高氮复混肥20—25公斤;对渍害较重的田块,在追施化肥的基础上,喷施磷酸二氢钾或氨基酸叶面肥,促进苗情转化。大豆结合病虫防控和化学调控,喷施磷酸二氢钾、腐殖酸、氨基酸等水溶叶面肥。

        国家大豆玉米带状复合种植专家指导组

        全国农业技术推广服务中心

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