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天津:《DB12/T 932-2020玉米机械粒收生产技术规程》解读

2022-08-09 14:08:33 来源:农机网整理发布 阅读量:29872 评论

导读:该标准规定了玉米机械粒收生产技术的品种及种子准备、选地、耕整地与播种、田间管理、籽粒收获及干燥的技术要求。适用于玉米机械粒收的生产。

  【农机网 政策与标准】玉米是我国重要农业作物之一,玉米生产全程机械化是实现增产的主要措施。玉米全程机械化包括深松、灭茬、旋耕、耙地、施基肥、播种、田间管理、收割等作业,是玉米在整个生产过程中全部实施机械化作业,节省人力资源的栽培模式。
 
  2020年4月30日,天津市市场监督管理委员会批准发布了《DB12/T 932-2020玉米机械粒收生产技术规程》,该标准自2020年6月1日起实施。

  该标准规定了玉米机械粒收生产技术的品种及种子准备、选地、耕整地与播种、田间管理、籽粒收获及干燥的技术要求。适用于玉米机械粒收的生产。
 
  【技术规范】
 
  田间管理——
 
  品种选择与种子要求:根据自然条件,选用通过审定,允许在天津地区种植的早熟、耐密、抗倒、后期脱水快的玉米品种。穗位高度整齐一致,穗位高度不应低于50 cm。种子质量符合GB 4404.1-2008要求。选用包衣玉米种子,种子包衣剂应含有能防治玉米病害的杀菌剂和防治地下害虫的杀虫剂,包衣质量应符合GB/T 15671的规定。
 
  整地:春玉米整地,应深耕20 cm或深松25 cm以上,耕后耙平,达到土块细碎、地面平整。整地前可施有机肥1 m3~2 m3/667 m2;夏玉米免耕播种,当地表状况影响播种质量时,可选择性进行浅旋整地作业。耕整地质量符合GB/T 34379-2017的规定。
 
  播种——
 
  播期:
 
  春玉米:10 cm地温稳定在10℃~12℃后播种。4月25日-5月20日为适播期。
 
  夏玉米:小麦或其他作物收获后播种,6月10日-6月25日为适播期,应尽量早播。
 
  种植方式及密度:宜采取60 cm等行距精量播种,密度5000~5500株/667m2。
 
  机械播种与施肥:采用种肥分层同播,种子播种深度3 cm~5 cm,肥料深施在玉米种子侧下方,距种子侧向距离5 cm~10 cm,施肥深度5cm ~10 cm。播种作业质量应符合NT/T 503 中的规定。根据土壤肥力、产量水平和品种需肥特点进行测土配方施肥。一般667 m2底(基)施纯氮12 kg~ 16 kg,五氧化二磷7 kg~10 kg,氧化钾8 kg~10 kg。可选用养分配比合理的玉米长效缓释肥一次性底施。
 
  化学除草:根据当地杂草类型选择高效、低毒、安全型除草剂,播后苗前进行土壤封闭除草。对于出苗后杂草较多地块,可在玉米3~5展叶期进行苗后化学除草。
 
  追肥:玉米7~12展叶期,根据植株长势进行中耕追肥作业,以氮钾肥为主。施肥量应根据土壤肥力状况、植株长势、目标产量确定,追肥部位在植株行侧10 cm~15 cm处,深度≥10 cm。根据土壤墒情和植株长势适时适量灌溉。灌浆后期不宜灌溉。
 
  化控:为防止倒伏,在玉米6~7展叶时,施用玉米专用生长调节剂,用量和用法按产品说明书执行。
 
  病虫害防治:运用农艺、物理、生物和化学等综合防治技术,重点防治玉米螟、茎腐病、穗粒腐病等病虫害。化学防治应符合NY/T 1276和NY/T 1876的规定。
 
  机械粒收——
 
  收获时期:在玉米生理成熟后,春玉米籽粒含水量降至25%以下、夏玉米籽粒含水率降至28%以下时进行机械籽粒收获。要求植株倒伏率≤5%,收获前田间落穗率≤1%。
 
  机械选择:宜采用专用型玉米籽粒收获机进行收获,割台行距55 cm~65 cm。收获机性能应符合GB/T 21962 中的规定。
 
  作业质量:应符合GB/T 21962的规定。
 
  秸秆粉碎还田:应符合GB/T 34379-2017中7.4的规定。
 
  烘干与贮藏:籽粒收获后应及时进行烘干作业,烘干质量符合GB/T 21017-2007的规定。
  
  注:本文由农机网(www.nongjx.com)整理发布,资料来源:地方标准信息公共服务平台。
 
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