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农业农村部棉花生产全程机械化专家指导组在湖南调研

2022-07-25 09:37:52 来源:农业农村部农业机械化总站经作机械处 阅读量:15981 评论

导读:今年中央一号文件明确提出提升农机装备研发应用水平,开展农机研发制造推广应用一体化试点,国产采棉机也列入了重点省份扶持重点。

  【农机网 热点关注】7月20日至21日,农业农村部农作物生产全程机械化专家指导组棉花专业组全体成员、国家棉花产业技术体系岗位专家,在中国工程院院士、石河子大学陈学庚教授的带领下,在湖南长沙、常德开展了国产采棉机与长江流域棉花生产机械化调研指导。农业农村部农业机械化总站经作机械处处长、农业农村部农作物生产全程机械化专家指导组副秘书长吴传云,湖南省农业农村厅种植业处丁伟平二级调研员,湖南省农机事务中心王洪明二级巡视员等参加了调研工作。
 
  调研组一行参观了铁建重工生产园区、远程视频观看了铁建重工新疆公司、考察了湖南省棉花科学研究所、实地查看了棉花品种选育、肥效对比试验、棉田智慧管理、播种机研制等情况,听取了铁建重工采棉机研发制造情况汇报、湖南省棉花科学研究所工作情况汇报、湖南大学棉花病虫智能感知系统研发情况汇报。调研组分别与铁建重工和湖南省棉花生产的管理部门、推广机构、科研单位进行了座谈交流。陈学庚院士做了《农机农艺融合促进棉花全程机械化发展》的专题报告,并对国产采棉机和长江流域机采棉发展提出了重要建议。
 
院士、专家组与铁建重工领导层进行座谈
 
院士、专家组与湖南棉花生产管理部门、推广机构、科研单位进行座谈
 
院士、专家组调研湖南省棉花科学研究所
 
院士、专家组观摩棉花试验田
 
远程视频观看铁建重工新疆公司采棉机生产情况
 
  从调研交流情况来看,一是国产采棉机已形成了替代进口的趋势。铁建重工作为“国之重器”的央企,将领先世界的掘进机、隧道装备、轨道系统三大成熟产业的制造能力用于高端农机装备研发生产,已经推出了4MZ-4型箱式采棉机、4MZ-6型自式式采棉机、4MZD-3采棉打包机、4MZD-6采棉打包机等采棉机系列产品,针对南方粘重土壤、小田块、多雨水、宽行距种植习惯,还将开发小型采棉机,为湖南稳定100万亩棉田提供装备支撑。国内其他企业包括钵施然、天鹅棉机、江苏沃得等也在采棉打包机上实现了量产,机具作业性能满足生产要求,可靠性稳步提升。今年中央一号文件明确提出提升农机装备研发应用水平,开展农机研发制造推广应用一体化试点,国产采棉机也列入了重点省份扶持重点。
 
  二是新疆成功的机采棉全程机械化生产模式在长江流域可借鉴可推广。从2018年起,在陈学庚院士的倡议下,农业农村部农业机械化总站(原农业农村部农业机械化技术开发推广总站)组织农业农村部棉花生产全程机械化推进专家指导组,在当地农业农村部门的大力支持下,在各级农机推广机构的努力下,在国家棉花产业技术体系岗位专家帮助下,在黄河流域传统植棉大省河北省、山东省开展了棉花生产全程机械化示范基地建设,按照高标准整地、等行距种植、农机农艺融合、全过程株形塑造、机械采收的全程机械化生产模式,通过4年时间,在5个县建立了11个示范点,示范面积达到7700亩,辐射面积达到71万亩,种植密度达到8000株/亩,收获株数达到6500株/亩,亩产籽棉达到400公斤/亩以上,用工成本大大降低,棉花生产效益和质量连年提高,已形成了一批自发采用机采棉种植方式的植棉大户和棉花生产合作社。借鉴黄河流域机采棉试验示范基地建设经验,装备供给到位、农艺措施到位、产学研推用相结合,长江流域植棉区开展机采棉全程机械化生产模式试验示范正当其时。
 
  三是黄河流域、长江流域急需恢复棉花产能,保障国内棉花供给安全。2021年我国棉花产量约为595万吨,总需求780万吨,年度缺口185万吨。自2009年以来,我国棉花种植面积连续13年下降,其中,2021年长江流域棉区播种面积为348.1万亩,比上年减少了77.5万亩,下降18.2%;黄河流域棉区播种面积为399.2万亩,比上年减少137.7万亩,下降25.7%。目前,新疆棉区播种面积3759.1万亩,产量512万吨,贡献了全国86%产量的棉花,急需稳定和提升黄河流域和长江流域棉花生产能力,确保国内棉花稳产保供。
 
  此次调研工作取得了预期效果,院士、部专家组和国家产业技术体系对国产采棉机研发制造情况有了进一步了解,对长江流域棉花生产情况有了较为全面的认识,同时也加强了我国不同棉区棉花生产机械化情况交流,为以湖南为代表的长江流域棉区发展机采棉提供了可借鉴的思路。
 
  下一步,农业农村部农业机械化总站将组织农业农村部棉花生产全程机械化专家组、全国农机鉴定推广系统,联合国家棉花产业技术体系岗位专家、有关科研单位和生产企业,在农业农村部农业机械化管理司总体部署下,继续在三个方面不懈努力。
 
  一方面,推动国产采棉机制造企业产品质量提升和生产技术改进。发挥全国农机鉴定和推广系统体系、人才和技术优势,为企业提供不同棉区的检测鉴定、田间试验、生产考核验证服务,让国产机具在田野里、在作业中、在机手手上充分试、充分练,加快熟化。
 
  另一方面,继续推进黄河流域机采棉发展,探索实现长江流域棉花生产机械化。按照陈学庚院士和专家组的建议,坚持高产让农民有收益、优质让棉花卖个好价钱的原则,牢牢把住以收定种,机械化、标准化种植是关键,农机农艺融合是核心,平整土地是前提,耕种管收系统推进的机采棉发展思路,充分挖掘不同棉区优势和潜力,多种措施克服和突破不利条件,打造棉花生产全程机械化示范基地,加快机采棉在南疆、黄河流域、长江流域的推广应用。
 
  再一方面,加快最新技术与科研成果在棉花生产全程机械化上的应用。机采棉是一项系统工程,从品种、栽培、管理、采收、加工等全链条宜机化推进,做到株高降下来、密度增上去、产量明显提升、品质有保证,需要将最新的育种技术、化控技术、病虫草害防治技术、激光平地技术、自动导航技术、在线监测技术、采收打包技术、可追溯技术等科研成果及时转化应用,实现我国机采棉高质高效发展。
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