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农业农村部农业机械化管理司关于印发《大豆玉米带状复合种植配套机具应用指引》的函

2022-01-14 09:28:37 来源:农业机械化管理司 阅读量:21041 评论

导读:农业机械化管理司组织农业农村部农业机械化总站和农作物生产全程机械化推进专家指导组制定了《大豆玉米带状复合种植配套机具应用指引》。

  【农机网 热点关注】农业机械化管理司组织农业农村部农业机械化总站和农作物生产全程机械化推进专家指导组制定了《大豆玉米带状复合种植配套机具应用指引》。
 
  农机科〔2022〕4号
 
  河北、山西、内蒙古、江苏、安徽、山东、河南、湖南、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、宁夏等省、自治区、直辖市农业农村(农牧)厅(委),各有关单位:
 
  为深入贯彻落实中央农村工作会议及全国农业农村厅局长会议部署要求,全力推进大豆玉米带状复合种植机化,我司组织农业农村部农业机械化总站和农作物生产全程机械化推进专家指导组制定了《大豆玉米带状复合种植配套机具应用指引》,现印发给你们,供开展相关工作参考。请结合实际,因地制宜分区域、分模式研究细化大豆玉米带状复合种植机具配套方案和操作技术规范,加强培训指导,为提高大豆玉米带状复合种植质量效益提供有效机具装备支撑保障。
 
  农业农村部农业机械化管理司
 
  2022年1月13日 
 
  
 
  大豆玉米带状复合种植配套机具应用指引
 
  农业农村部农业机械化管理司
 
  农业农村部农业机械化总站
 
  农业农村部农作物生产全程机械化推进专家指导组
 
  大豆玉米带状复合种植技术采用大豆带与玉米带间作套种,充分利用高位作物玉米边行优势,扩大低位作物空间,实现作物协同共生、一季双收、年际间交替轮作,可有效解决玉米、大豆争地问题。为做好大豆玉米带状复合种植机械化技术应用,提供有效机具装备支撑保障,针对西北、黄淮海、西南和长江中下游地区主要技术模式制定了大豆玉米带状复合种植配套机具应用指引,供各地参考。其他地区和技术模式可参照应用。
 
  一、机具配套原则
 
  今年是大面积推广大豆玉米带状复合种植技术的第一年,为便于全程机械化实施落地,在机具选配时,应充分考虑目前各地实际农业生产条件和机械化技术现状,优先选用现有机具,通过适当改装以适应复合种植模式行距和株距要求,提高机具利用率。有条件的可配置北斗导航辅助驾驶系统,减轻机手劳动强度,提高作业精准度和衔接行行距均匀性。
 
  二、播种机具应用指引
 
  播种作业前,应考虑大豆、玉米生育期,确定播种、收获作业先后顺序,并对播种作业路径详细规划,妥善解决机具调头转弯问题。大面积作业前,应进行试播,及时查验播种作业质量、调整机具参数,播种深度和镇压强度应根据土壤墒情变化适时调整。作业时,应注意适当降低作业速度,提高小穴距条件下播种作业质量。
 
  (一)2+32+4模式
 
  该模式玉米带和大豆带宽度较窄,大豆玉米分步播种时,应注意选择适宜的配套动力轮距,避免后播作物播种时碾压已播种苗带,影响出苗。玉米后播种时,动力机械后驱动轮的外沿间距应小于160cm;大豆后播种时,2+3模式动力机械后驱动轮的外沿间距应小于180cm,2+4模式后驱动轮的外沿间距应小于210cm;驱动轮外沿与已播作物播种带的距离应大于10cm。如大豆玉米可同时播种,可购置1+X+1型(大豆居中,玉米两侧)或2+2+2型(玉米居中,大豆两侧)大豆玉米一体化精量播种机,提高播种精度和作业效率;一体化播种机应满足株行距、单位面积施肥量、播种精度、均匀性等方面要求;作业前,应对玉米、大豆播种量、播种深度和镇压强度分别调整;作业时,注意保持衔接行行距均匀一致,防止衔接行间距过宽或过窄。
 
  1)黄淮海地区
 
  目前该地区玉米播种机主流机型为3行和4行,大豆播种机主流机型为3到6行,或兼用玉米播种机。前茬小麦收获后,可进行灭茬处理,提高播种质量,提升出苗整齐度。
 
  玉米播种时,将播种机改装为2行,调整行距接近40cm,通过改变传动比调整株距至10—12cm,平均种植密度为4500—5000株/亩,并加大肥箱容量、增设排肥器和施肥管,增大单位面积施肥量。大豆播种时,优先选用3行或4行大豆播种机,或兼用可调整至窄行距的玉米播种机,通过调整株行距来满足大豆播种的农艺要求,平均种植密度为8000—10000株/亩。
 
  2)西北地区
 
  该地区覆膜打孔播种机应用广泛,应注意适当降低作业速度,防止地膜撕扯。
 
  玉米播种时,可选用2行覆膜打孔播种机,调整行距接近40cm,通过改变鸭嘴数量将株距调整至10cm左右,平均种植密度为4500—5000株/亩,并增大单位面积施肥量。大豆播种时,优先选用3行或4行大豆播种机,或兼用可调整至窄行距的玉米播种机,可采用一穴多粒的播种方式,平均种植密度为11000—12000株/亩。
 
  3)西南和长江中下游地区
 
  该区域大豆玉米间套作应用面积较大,配套机具应用已经过多年试验验证。
 
  玉米播种时,可选用2行播种机,调整行距接近40cm,株距调整至12—15cm,平均种植密度为4000—4500株/亩,并增大单位面积施肥量。大豆播种采用2+3模式时,可在2行玉米播种机上增加一个播种单体;采用2+4模式时,可选用4行大豆播种机完成播种作业;株距调整至9—10cm,平均种植密度为9000—10000株/亩。
 
  (二)3+44+44+6模式
 
  1)黄淮海地区
 
  玉米播种时,可选用3行或4行播种机,调整行距至55cm,通过改变传动比将株距调整至13—15cm,玉米平均种植密度为4500—5000株/亩。大豆播种时,优先选用4行或6行大豆播种机,或兼用可调整至窄行距的玉米播种机,通过改变传动比和更换排种盘调整穴距至8—10cm,大豆平均种植密度为8000—9000株/亩。
 
  2)西北地区
 
  玉米播种时,可选用4行覆膜打孔播种机,调整行距至55cm,通过改变鸭嘴数量将株距调整至13—15cm,玉米平均种植密度为4500—5000株/亩。大豆播种时,优先选用4行或6行大豆播种机,或兼用可调整至窄行距的玉米播种机,株距调整至13—15cm,可采用一穴多粒播种方式,大豆平均种植密度为9000—10000株/亩。
 
  三、植保机具应用指引
 
  (一)合理选用药剂及用量,按照机械化高效植保技术操作规程进行防治作业。
 
  (二)杂草防控难度较大,应尽量采用播后苗前化学封闭除草方式,减轻苗后除草药害。播后苗前喷施除草剂应喷洒均匀,在地表形成药膜。
 
  (三)苗后喷施除草剂时,可改装喷杆式喷雾机,设置双药箱和喷头区段控制系统,实现不同药液的分条带喷施,并在大豆带和玉米带间加装隔离板,防止药剂带间漂移,也可在此基础上更换防漂移喷头,提升隔离效果。
 
  (四)喷施病虫害防治药剂时,可根据病虫害的发生情况和区域,选择大豆玉米统一喷施或独立喷施。
 
  (五)也可购置使用“一喷施两防治”复合种植专用一体化喷杆喷雾机。
 
  三、收获机具应用指引
 
  根据作物品种、成熟度、籽粒含水率及气候等条件,确定两种作物收获时期及先后收获次序,并适期收获、减少损失。当玉米果穗苞叶干枯、籽粒乳线消失且基部黑层出现时,可开始玉米收获作业;当大豆叶片脱落、茎杆变黄,豆荚表现出本品种特有的颜色时,可开始大豆收获作业。
 
  根据地块大小、种植行距、作业要求选择适宜的收获机,并根据作业条件调整各项作业参数。玉米收获机应选择与玉米带行数和行距相匹配的割台配置,行距偏差不应超过5㎝,否则将增加落穗损失。用于大豆收获的联合收割机应选择与大豆带幅宽相匹配的割台割幅,推荐选配割幅匹配的大豆收获专用挠性割台,降低收获损失率。大面积作业前,应进行试收,及时查验收获作业质量、调整机具参数。
 
  (一)2+32+4模式
 
  如大豆玉米成熟期不同,应选择小两行自走式玉米收获机先收玉米,或选择窄幅履带式大豆收获机先收大豆,待后收作物成熟时,再用当地常规收获机完成后收作物收获作业;也可购置高地隙跨带玉米收获机,先收两带4行玉米,再收大豆。如大豆玉米同期成熟,可选用当地常用的2种收获机一前一后同步跟随收获作业。
 
  (二)3+44+44+6模式
 
  目前,常用的玉米收获机、谷物联合收割机改装型大豆收获机均可匹配,可根据不同行数选择适宜的收获机分步作业或跟随同步作业。
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