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如何应对极端天气下的农业灾害?农业农村部印发稳产保供预案

2021-11-24 15:33:35 来源:农机网整理发布 阅读量:36374 评论

导读:预计冬季将形成一次弱到中等强度的拉尼娜事件,受其影响,今冬明春阶段性极端强降温、局部地区冬春连旱等极端天气事件发生几率大,农业防灾减灾任务艰巨。

  【农机网 热点关注】 受全球气候变化影响,近年来我国农业气象灾害发生频率显著增加,多灾并发、连片发生。2021年冬春季是夺取明年夏粮丰收、确保春播顺利开展最重要时期,也是保障元旦、春节、冬奥会和全国两会期间蔬菜等“菜篮子”产品供应最关键时期。预计冬季将形成一次弱到中等强度的拉尼娜事件,受其影响,今冬明春阶段性极端强降温、局部地区冬春连旱等极端天气事件发生几率大,农业防灾减灾任务艰巨。
 
  为提早落实防范措施、积极应对、精准指导、主动避灾、科学防灾,切实减轻灾害损失,全力赢得夏季粮油丰收主动权,确保蔬菜等“菜篮子”产品稳定供应,农业农村部办公厅印发了《今冬明春应对拉尼娜科学抗灾稳产保供预案》,对相关工作作了安排部署。
 
  预案针对今冬明春农业防灾减灾提出以下技术措施:
 
  (一)防范北方冬麦区低温冻害。一是开展冬前镇压。对秸秆还田量大、播后镇压不到位、表土层疏松的麦田,抓住越冬前的有利时机,在无霜冻晴天上午、土壤墒情适宜时,适度开展镇压,使根土密接,提高保暖防冻能力。也可以采取增施农家肥、均匀覆盖秸秆等方式防冻保苗。二是坚持以水调温。早春密切关注天气变化,降温之前及时灌水改善墒情,调节近地面层小气候,减小地面温度变化幅度,防御冻害,灌水不要过量,做到当天浇当天渗。三是强化早春田管。立足于“早”、抓好“促”字,抓紧开展镇压划锄增温保墒,促进根系发育和养分转化,减轻冻害影响。对弱苗及时追肥,合理调控肥水,促进苗情转化升级,提高抗寒防冻能力。四是坚持以肥促长。寒潮过后及时调查受冻情况,对遭受冻害的麦田,分类施肥补救,促进恢复生长,争取小蘖赶大蘖、大蘖多成穗。
 
  (二)防范露地和设施蔬菜冻害。一是及时检修。抗风雪能力差的棚室,及早检查维修,加设立柱,更换严重老化的钢管、竹竿等骨架材料,及时清除积雪,防止压坏设施结构。土墙日光温室后屋面及时加盖薄膜,防止雪水下渗损伤墙体。二是防寒保温。设施蔬菜产区,及时加保温棉被、草苫等材料,覆盖防寒,有条件的地方,配备燃热块、热风炉、电热风机、取暖器等应急加热设备。露地蔬菜产区,加强中耕培土,防止根系冻伤,寒潮过后加强遮阳覆盖,延缓冻融,防止冻害。三是科学肥水。抓住晴好天气进行叶面追肥,快速补充养分,提高植株抗性。结合滴灌补充中微量元素,促进花芽分化,提高产量品质。四是病虫防控。设施蔬菜产区,重点预防低温高湿病害和蚜虫、白粉虱、螨类等害虫。露地蔬菜产区,重点预防软腐病、霜霉病等十字花科病害,小菜蛾、斜纹叶蛾等膜翅目害虫,以及粉虱、蓟马等茄果类刺吸型口器害虫。
 
  (三)防范北方冬麦区春旱。一是浇水增墒。提前检修灌溉设施,加强旱情监测,一旦旱情发生,在有灌溉条件的田块,采取一切措施,集中有限水源浇水保苗,推广喷灌、滴灌、垄灌、隔垄交替灌等节水灌溉技术;水源不足的地方采取输水管或水袋灌溉,扩大灌溉面积,减轻干旱损失。二是农艺保墒。早春大力推广耙耱划锄镇压等措施,去除枯叶,弥合裂缝,消除坷垃,提温保墒,促进小麦返青生长。有灌溉条件的田块,在灌溉后采取浅中耕,切断土壤表层毛细管,减少蒸发;无灌溉条件的等雨蓄水,采取中耕、高培土的措施,减少土壤蒸发,增加土壤蓄水量。三是化控增湿。叶面喷施抗旱保水剂,增加植物的抗旱性,可用尿素、磷酸二氢钾溶液或过磷酸钙浸出液连续进行多次喷雾,增加植株穗部水分,降温增湿,为叶片提供必需的水分及养分。
 
  (四)防范东北西部春旱。一是合理调整结构避灾。指导东北西部老旱区顺应天时,结合种植结构调整,主动调减非适宜区玉米,改种耐旱杂粮杂豆、优质牧草等作物。提前储备所需种子,满足生产需要。二是推广抗旱播种技术。在有水浇条件的田块,及时灌溉,造墒播种。在坡耕地、水源不足地区推广免耕播种,减少动土次数,降低土壤散墒。大力推广抗旱“坐水种”、地膜覆盖、膜下滴灌等抗旱技术,组织好跨区机耕机播作业,做到灭茬、整地、起垄、镇压一条龙作业,加快播种进度,确保种在适播期。三是科学确定作物品种。根据积温等气候条件、调结构需求,科学确定主推品种,及早搞好种子调剂调运。一旦出现毁种补种,及时指导农民选用大豆、谷子、绿豆和荞麦等短生育期作物和品种。
 
  (五)防范黑龙江中东部春涝。加快排水降渍。利用春季温度回升、风力较大的有利条件,翻耕晾晒散墒。土壤水分饱和地区充分利用大机械及早耙耢地,加快融雪和耕地化冻。对化冻后明水多的地块,采取挖排水沟、积水坑、疏通沟渠和机械强排等措施,抢排积水,除水降渍。及早腾茬整地。加快清除田间秸秆,检修调试整地、播种机械,一旦适宜机械进地,立即组织农机抢早整地,翻耕晾晒散墒,顶浆灭茬起垄,刹浆后适时播种。实行深松整地,推进科学整地、标准化整地。适时适墒播种。及早确定适宜熟期品种并做好种子准备。一旦播期推迟,及时选用适期和偏早熟品种(或播前晒种1~2天),播前催小芽,浅播浅种,确保一播全苗。水稻推行智能催芽、大棚育秧,提早扣棚,提升地温,保证秧苗正常生长。提高播种质量。加强机具调度,组织好跨区机耕机播作业,大力推广机整地、机插秧、机播种,加快播种进度。支持农机合作社、农机大户等主体,开展好全程托管、环节托管、联耕联营、联合作业等服务,带动小农户高质量开展春耕春播。
 
  (六)防范江南华南冬春连旱。千方百计广辟水源。修缮建设农田集雨蓄水设施,蓄积雨水。拦截地表水,增加池塘、水库蓄水。维修和开掘灌溉水井,扩大灌溉面积。冬闲田提早蓄水、备耕。抗旱田管保油菜。有水源的地区及时浇灌保苗,做到能浇尽浇、能保则保。叶面喷施保水剂,合理追施钾肥,促进根系发育,提高油菜等在田作物抗旱性。同时,通过秸秆覆盖和中耕松土减少水分蒸发、提升土壤保水能力,减轻旱情影响。对因旱绝收地块,因地制宜搞好改种补种,减少因旱损失。推广节水播种技术。推广水稻集中育秧,优先保证育秧用水。有条件的地方,积极组织工厂化育秧,推广水稻旱育秧、地膜覆盖、干湿整田、浅水平田等旱作节水技术和喷灌、微灌、滴灌、干湿交替等节水灌溉技术,确保作物全部种在适播期。
 
  此外,预案还从强化检测预警、做好应急准备、精准指导服务、加强政策支持、畅通产销衔接、强化宣传引导等方面进行保障。
 
  本文由农机网(www.nongjx.com)整理发布,资料来源:农业农村部。
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