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拓展农业多种功能 提升乡村多元价值

———农业农村部乡村产业发展司负责人就《关于拓展农业多种功能 促进乡村产业高质量发展的指导意见》答记者问
2021-11-19 09:01:12 来源:农业农村部新闻办公室 阅读量:18917 评论

导读:随着现代化建设持续推进,我国农业的食品保障、生态涵养、休闲体验、文化传承等多种功能和经济、生态、文化等多元价值日益凸显。

  【农机网 热点关注】 近日,农业农村部印发《关于拓展农业多种功能 促进乡村产业高质量发展的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)。记者就《指导意见》有关问题专访农业农村部乡村产业发展司负责人。
 
  问:《指导意见》出台的背景是什么?
 
  答:《指导意见》出台主要有三方面考虑。
 
  一是中央有要求。习近平总书记强调,“产业振兴是乡村振兴的重中之重,要促进一二三产业融合发展,更多更好惠及农村农民。”“要向开发农业多种功能要潜力,发挥三次产业融合发展的乘数效应,抓好农村电商、休闲农业、乡村旅游等新产业新业态。”今年中央一号文件提出,充分发挥农业产品供给、生态屏障、文化传承等功能。
 
  二是产业有需求。随着现代化建设持续推进,我国农业的食品保障、生态涵养、休闲体验、文化传承等多种功能和经济、生态、文化等多元价值日益凸显。据统计,2020年农业总产值10.7万亿元,农产品加工业营业收入23.2万亿元,其中食品加工业营业收入12万亿元,占比超过50%。休闲农业、农林牧渔专业及辅助性活动、农村电商等营业收入超3万亿元。随着三农工作重心历史性地转向全面推进乡村振兴,农业多种功能拓展、乡村多元价值提升还大有可为,需要做好顶层设计和谋划引领。
 
  三是人民有需要。如今,乡村不再是单一从事农业的地方,还有生态涵养、休闲观光、文化体验等功能,人们对美好生活的向往既有柴米油盐酱醋茶,也有“望山看水忆乡愁、养眼洗肺伸懒腰”,需要拓展农业多种功能,把乡村打造成为产业高地、生态绿地、文化福地和休闲旅游打卡地,让人民共享幸福美好生活。
 
  为顺应产业发展规律和满足人民需求,农业农村部在深入调查研究、开展座谈研讨和广泛征求意见的基础上,制定出台了《指导意见》,通过明确发展目标、重点任务和主要抓手,着力推动乡村产业高质量发展,为全面推进乡村振兴、加快农业农村现代化提供有力支撑。
 
  问:如何更好地发挥农产品加工业在贯通产加销、促进农业食品保障功能坚实稳固方面的纽带作用?
 
  答:农产品加工业是实现“粮头食尾”“农头工尾”的关键环节,它一头连着农业、农村和农民,一头连着工业、城市和市民,沟通城乡、亦工亦农,具有延长农业产业链条、提升农产品附加值和增加农民收入的作用,是国民经济的重要产业。
 
  近年来,我国农产品加工业总体规模保持稳定增长,发展质量效益明显提升,结构和布局持续优化,转型升级不断加快,为保障国家粮食安全和重要农产品有效供给作出了重要贡献。截至2020年底,农产品加工业与农业总产值比达到2.4∶1,主要农产品加工转化率达到68%。但相比发达国家仍有较大差距,主要存在加工专用原料供给不足、加工工艺与装备匹配度不高、产业链条延伸不充分、品牌效应不明显等问题。
 
  为进一步夯实农业食品保障功能,做大做强农产品加工业,《指导意见》提出了5个方面的具体措施。一是建设标准原料基地。围绕市场需求,培育推广适合加工的专用品种,引导各类市场主体按照品种培优、品质提升、品牌打造和标准化生产要求合理安排生产经营,打造优质绿色安全农产品生产基地。二是构建高效加工体系。扶持农民合作社和家庭农(牧)场重点发展初加工,引导大型农业企业、食品企业加快发展精深加工,培育原料基地+中央厨房+物流配送(餐饮门店、商超销售)以及中央厨房+餐饮门店(连锁店、社区网点、终端客户)等模式。三是集成加工技术成果。引导农产品加工企业牵头开展“产学研用”联合攻关,攻克食品预处理、混合均质、减损增效等技术瓶颈。组织加工企业、研发团队和装备企业,打造共性技术研发平台和创新联合体,创制信息化、智能化、工程化加工装备。四是创响知名农业品牌。培育标准“领跑者”,塑强区域公用品牌,引导企业与农户等共创企业品牌,培育一批特色产品品牌。五是打造农业全产业链。围绕县域农业主导产业,引导县域农业产业化龙头企业牵头组建农业研发、育种、生产、加工、储运、销售、品牌、体验、消费、服务等环节于一体的农业产业化联合体。引导有条件的头部企业,搭建全产业链数字平台。
 
  问:乡村休闲旅游业在拓展农业多种功能中发挥什么样的作用?
 
  答:乡村休闲旅游业是“农业+”文化、旅游、教育、康养等融合发展形成的新兴产业,拓展了农业生态涵养、休闲体验、文化传承等功能,凸显了乡村的经济、生态、社会和文化价值,在带动农民增收和促进乡村全面振兴方面发挥了越来越重要的作用。2019年,全国乡村休闲旅游接待游客约32亿人次,营业收入8500亿元。2020年,受新冠肺炎疫情影响,全国乡村休闲旅游接待游客约26亿人次,营业收入6000亿元,吸纳就业1100万人,带动农户800多万。据监测,今年部分地区乡村休闲旅游已恢复到2019年同期水平,成为引领旅游行业率先恢复发展的新亮点。
 
  与此同时,各地乡村休闲旅游业发展普遍存在同质化现象严重,缺乏小众类、精准化、中高端产品和服务,品牌溢价有限等问题。围绕做精做优乡村休闲旅游业,《指导意见》提出了6个方面的具体措施。一是保护生态资源和乡土文化。坚持保护与开发并举、生产与生态并重的原则,形成以资源可持续利用、文化可接续传承为基础的乡村休闲旅游发展模式。二是发掘生态涵养产品。发展生态观光等业态,开发森林人家等产品,打造一批循环农业等生态样板,建设一批科普教育等实训基地,创设一批农事生产等科普教程。三是培育乡村文化产品。将乡村民俗文化、人文精神与现代要素、时尚元素和美学艺术相结合,打造具有农耕特质、民族特色、地域特点的乡村文化项目,发展历史赋能、独具特色、还原传统的乡村民宿经济。四是打造乡村休闲体验产品。依托乡村资源,围绕多功能拓展、多业态聚集、多场景应用,开发乡宿、乡游、乡食、乡购、乡娱等综合体验项目。五是提升乡村休闲旅游水平。推进农村建设和人居环境治理,改善餐饮、住宿、停车、厕所等硬件设施条件。制修订乡村休闲旅游服务规程和标准,用标准创响品牌。六是实施乡村休闲旅游精品工程。培育一批美丽休闲乡村,推介一批乡村休闲旅游精品景点线路,建设一批休闲农业重点县,构建“点线面”结合的乡村休闲旅游发展格局。
 
  问:近年来农村电商发展势头迅猛,《指导意见》对推动农村电商发展有哪些谋划和考虑?
 
  答:随着“互联网+”农产品出村进城、电子商务进农村综合示范、电商扶贫、数字乡村建设等工作深入推进,我国农村电商保持高速发展态势,农村网络零售市场规模和农产品上行规模不断扩大。尤其是新冠肺炎疫情期间,农村电商凭借线上化、非接触、供需快速匹配、产销高效衔接等优势,在县域稳产保供、复工复产和民生保障等方面的功能作用凸显,不断涌现出直播带货、社区团购等新业态新模式。2020年,全国农村网络零售额1.79万亿元,同比增长8.9%;全国农产品网络零售额4158.9亿元,同比增长26.2%。
 
  《指导意见》提出,以发展农村电商为重点拓宽商贸流通渠道,促进产业、科技交互联动,引导农业全产业链上中下游各类主体,共建共享大数据平台信息,实现产业数字化、数字产业化。具体包括4个方面:一是培育农村电商主体。在促进工业品下乡的同时更加聚焦服务农产品上行,大力发展电商末端服务网点。发展直播卖货、助农直播间、移动菜篮子等新业态,培育农民直播销售员。二是打造农产品供应链。实施“数商兴农”,打造农产品网络品牌,支持运营主体带动农户统一标准、统一生产、统一采购、统一品牌、统一销售,构建基于互联网的供应链管理模式。三是建立运营服务体系。培育零售电商、批发电商、分销电商以及社交电商、直播电商等新模式。注重线下渠道维护,与休闲体验相结合,建设优质特色农产品直营店、体验区。四是强化农产品质量监管。积极探索利用现代信息技术的“阳光农安”智慧管理模式。支持产业化运营主体加强自我检测、全过程追溯。
 
  问:如何发挥农业产业化龙头企业的示范带动作用,推动农业多种功能拓展?
 
  答:农业产业化龙头企业是打造农业全产业链、构建现代乡村产业体系的中坚力量,是带动农民就业增收的重要主体,在拓展农业多种功能、促进乡村产业高质量发展中具有不可替代的作用。
 
  《指导意见》提出以培育壮大龙头企业为抓手,发挥龙头企业的示范引领作用,将乡村休闲旅游、乡土文化开发、农耕文化传播、农村电子商务等领域的龙头企业纳入认定范围,分行业分领域培育重点龙头企业,打造农业全产业链,促进乡村多元价值提升。一是围绕制约农业农村现代化发展的“卡脖子”技术或短板领域,做强一批具有自主创新能力的科技领军型龙头企业。二是围绕粮棉油糖、肉蛋奶、种业等关系国计民生的重要行业,做强一批具有国际影响力的头部龙头企业。三是围绕果蔬茶等满足消费者多样需求的特色农产品领域,做优一批引领行业发展的骨干企业。四是围绕粮食生产功能区、重要农产品生产保护区、特色农产品优势区和脱贫地区,做大一批联农带农紧密的区域型龙头企业。
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