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关于印发《广东省水稻机械化收获减损技术指引(试用)》的通知

2021-11-02 09:52:19 来源:广东省农业农村厅 阅读量:21603 评论

导读:结合广东双季稻生产特点和高温高湿、丘陵山地等自然条件,我厅委托广东省农业技术推广中心、广东省农业机械学会组织相关专家编制了《广东省水稻机械化收获减损技术指引(试用)》

  【农机网 政策与标准】 粤农农办〔2021〕150号
 
  各地级以上市农业农村局:
 
  根据农业农村部农业机械化管理司《关于印发粮食作物机械化收获减损技术指导意见的函》(农机科〔2020〕53号)和农业农村部农业机械化总站《关于印发〈2021年秋粮机收减损技术指导意见〉的通知》(农机化总站〔2021〕36号)的要求,结合广东双季稻生产特点和高温高湿、丘陵山地等自然条件,我厅委托广东省农业技术推广中心、广东省农业机械学会组织相关专家编制了《广东省水稻机械化收获减损技术指引(试用)》,现印发给你们,请结合各地实际,加强作业质量标准宣贯和技术培训指导,切实推进粮食机收提质减损工作,力争颗粒归仓,为保障粮食安全提供更有力的机械化支撑。
 
  广东省农业农村厅办公室
 
  2021年10月21日
 
  广东省水稻机械化收获减损技术指引
 
  (试用)
 
  本指引适用于使用联合收割机进行水稻收获作业。确定适宜收获期后,农机手首先应提前检查调试好机具,严格按照作业质量标准和操作规程,注意安全生产,减少收获环节损失,提高生产作业质量和效率。
 
  一、确定适宜收获期
 
  准确判断确定适宜收获期,防止过早或过晚收获对水稻的产量和品质产生不利影响,实现水稻丰产增收。
 
  (一)根据水稻生长特征判断确定
 
  水稻的完熟期或蜡熟期较为适宜收获。一般认为,谷壳变黄、籽粒变硬、水分适宜、不易破碎时标志着水稻进入完熟期。
 
  谷粒全部变硬,多数穗颖壳变黄,穗轴上干下黄,水稻黄化完熟率早造85%左右,晚造90%左右,谷粒已经充实饱满,此时应进行收获。
 
  (二)根据生长时间判断确定
 
  广东早造籼稻适宜收获期为齐穗后28~35天,中造籼稻为齐穗后30~35天,晚造籼稻为齐穗后30~40天。如遇台风暴雨等自然灾害,可适当提前收获。
 
  二、作业前机具检查调试
 
  作业前要保持机具良好技术状态,预防和减少作业故障,提高工作质量和效率。应做好以下检查准备工作。
 
  (一)机具检查
 
  发动机启动前,先检查水箱水位;检查润滑油、柴油、蓄电池电量等情况。检查清理散热器,将散热器上的草屑、灰尘清理干净,防止散热器堵塞、水箱温度过高。检查空气滤清器,每班次前检查空气滤清器滤网,如有堵塞,及时清理。检查割台、输送带及传动轴等部分的紧固件和连接件,防止松动。检查各润滑点润滑油是否需要补充。检查各运转部件是否正常及机内是否有异物,检查升降系统是否工作正常。检查和调整各传动皮带和链条的张紧度,防止作业时皮带打滑、链条跳齿。
 
  检查搅龙箱体、粮仓连接部、振动筛周边等密封性,防止连接部间隙过大或密封条破损导致漏粮。检查脱粒齿、凹板筛、搅龙叶片(刮板)、粮仓上下搅龙是否过度磨损。
 
  发动机起动后,听发动机声音是否正常,查看各指示灯、油系统和电系统等是否在正常状态,有异常的应及时排除。各系统正常后进行试运转工作,检查各传动部件是否正常状态,同时在传动部件接触处加注适量废润滑油(每天1次)。移动前,必须查看收割机四周是否有人和其他障外物,确保安全后再进行移动至稻田试割作业。
 
  (二)试割
 
  正式开始作业前要进行试割。试割作业行进长度不少于15米,根据作物、田块的条件相应调整适合的收割高度、速度和喂入量。调整后再进行二次试割,直至达到质量标准为止。作物品种、田块条件有变化时要重新试割和调试机具。
 
  三、机收作业质量要求
 
  正常作业条件下,水稻收获作业质量标准:全喂入水稻联合收割机总损失率≤2.8%,破碎率≤1.5%,含杂率≤2.0%;半喂入水稻联合收割机总损失率≤2.5%,破碎率≤0.5%,含杂率≤1.0%。茎秆切碎合格率不低于90%。
 
  四、减少机收环节损失的措施
 
  收割前要选择适用机型:收割易脱粒品种或留茬高度较高时,一般使用全喂入收割机;收割难脱粒品种或留茬高度较低时,一般使用半喂入收割机。检查作业田块:陡峭地方需铺通行桥板;检查去除田间障碍物;了解田块的泥脚情况,对可能造成陷车或倾翻、跌落的地方做出标识。
 
  (一)正确开出割道
 
  作业前按照收割机的前进方向割出一个机位。然后,从易于机车下田的一角开始,沿着田的右侧割出一个割幅,割到头后倒退5~8m,然后斜着割出第二个割幅,割到头后再倒退5~8m,斜着割出第三个割幅;用同样的方法开出横向方向的割道。规划较整齐的田块,可以把几块田连接起来开好割道,割出三行宽的割道后再分区收割,提高收割效率。
 
  (二)选择行走路线
 
  检查田块,规划行走路线,最常用的有以下两种:
 
  1.四边收割法。对于长和宽相近、面积较大的田块,开出割道后,收割一个割幅到割区头,升起割台,沿割道前进5~8米后,边倒车边向右转弯,使机器横过90°,当割台刚好对正割区后,停车,挂上前进档,放下割台,再继续收割,直到将谷物收完。
 
  2.左旋收割法。对于长宽相差较大、面积较小的田块,沿田块两头开出的割道,沿长方向割到割区头,不用倒车,继续前进,左转弯绕到割区另一边进行收割。
 
  (三)选择作业速度
 
  根据收割机喂入量确定作业速度,作业过程中应尽量保持发动机在额定转速下运转。地头作业转弯时,适当降低速度,提升割台,防止割台掉穗。如果产量超过600kg/亩,应减少割幅或增加留茬高度,减少喂入量。若田间杂草较多,应放慢收割机前进速度,减少喂入量。严禁使用行驶档进行收割作业。
 
  (四)收获损失过大时机具的调整
 
  作业过程中,要随时查看作业效果,如遇损失变多时要及时调整机具,使机具保持良好状态。
 
  1.当割台损失大时,调整拨禾轮转速和拨板角度,调整割台输送搅龙与底板间隙等。
 
  2.当夹带损失大时,检查凹板筛是否堵塞,检查脱粒滚筒皮带松紧度,调整螺旋导板倾角等。
 
  3.当清粮损失大时,调节风扇进风量、振动筛角度及清粮皮带松紧度等。
 
  (五)收割潮湿水稻
 
  作业时要降低收割机行走速度,适当提高割茬高度,发动机油门须保持在大油门状态。如发现凹板筛堵塞,应及时清理。适当调大清粮风扇进风量(两侧调整到一致)及振动筛筛片的下漏间隙。有露水时,要等到露水消退后,再开始作业。避免雨中作业。
 
  (六)收割倒伏水稻
 
  1.改善作业条件。应提前7天左右排田中积水,收割时间最好选择晴好天气。
 
  2.选择作业方式。
 
  收割倒伏水稻作业时必须使用低速档。
 
  全喂入收割机:调节拨禾轮与割刀的相对位置,并将割台降至适宜高度。倒伏角超过45度时采取逆割。顺割作业时,拨禾轮位置应适当前移、拨禾弹齿应调成向后倾斜15~30°;逆割作业时,拨禾轮位置应适当后移、拨禾弹齿应调成向前倾斜15~30°。
 
  半喂入收割机:收割倒伏水稻时,分禾器前端调低、扶禾作用高度调高但不要碰到穗头。严重倒伏时应采取顺割并调快扶禾(链条)速度。
 
  (七)收割过熟水稻
 
  过熟水稻穗茎易折断、易落粒,应使用全喂入收割机,尽量减少留茬高度,控制作业速度。
 
  (八)在线自动监测
 
  有条件的可以在收割机上装配损失率、含杂率、破碎率在线自动监测装置,驾驶员根据在线自动监测装置提示的相关指标、曲线,适时调整行走速度、喂入量、留茬高度等作业状态参数,以保持低损失率、低含杂率、低破碎率的良好作业状态。
 
  五、培训与监督
 
  机手必须经过培训并持证上岗。机手、种植户和从事收获质量监督的乡镇农机管理人员应经过培训,掌握水稻品种、种植模式、估算水稻含水率和产量、评判收割地形等方面的农艺知识,掌握机具正确使用、维护保养知识以及作业质量标准要求。鼓励种植户与机手签订收获损失协议,并在损失偏大或出现其它不合乎要求情形时,要求机手调整,仍然不合要求的,应更换作业机器。
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