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新疆维吾尔自治区关于2020年棉花收获机质量调查结果的通报

2021-03-26 11:45:56 来源:新疆维吾尔自治区农业农村厅 阅读量:13877 评论

导读:2020年10月至12月,新疆维吾尔自治区农业农村厅组织开展了全区在用棉花收获机质量调查工作,对棉花收获机的安全性、可靠性、适用性和售后服务状况开展调查,形成《新疆维吾尔自治区2020年棉花收获机质量调查报告》,现将调查报告予以通报。

  各有关单位:
 
  为了掌握我区棉花收获机的整体质量水平,推动行业健康发展,引导购机农民理性消费,为制定棉花收获机购置补贴等相关支持政策提供科学依据,2020年10月至12月,我厅组织开展了全区在用棉花收获机质量调查工作,对棉花收获机的安全性、可靠性、适用性和售后服务状况开展调查,形成《新疆维吾尔自治区2020年棉花收获机质量调查报告》,现将调查报告予以通报。
 
  
 
  新疆维吾尔自治区农业农村厅
 
  2021年3月19日
 
  新疆维吾尔自治区2020年棉花收获机质量调查报告
 
  一、调查工作的组织实施情况
 
  (一)组织策划
 
  我厅组织新疆维吾尔自治区农牧业机械产品质量监督管理站根据《2020年棉花收获机质量调查实施方案》,研发了棉花收获机质量调查软件,同时组织博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、塔城地区、昌吉回族自治州、巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和阿克苏地区等5个地(州)及相关县(市)共计55名棉花收获机质量调查人员通过网络培训方式线上对调查实施方案和棉花收获机质量调查软件使用进行培训,同时对项目实施与进度安排等内容做了详尽的说明和部署,为此次质量调查入户摸底调查任务的完成提供了保障。
 
  (二)调查基本情况
 
  1.调查内容
 
  质量调查内容为在用棉花收获机的安全性、可靠性、适用性和售后服务状况。每项调查内容设置若干调查项目,共计16个调查项目,其中:安全性类4个调查项目、可靠性类2个调查项目、适用性类3个调查项目、售后服务状况类7个调查项目,调查内容及调查项目见附表。
 
  2.调查对象
 
  调查产品为新疆维吾尔自治区境内2018年以来享受农机购置补贴的8家生产企业的16个不同型号棉花收获机;调查范围为博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、塔城地区、昌吉回族自治州、巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和阿克苏地区5个地(州);在调查范围内,对每一个机型销售量在10台以下(含10台)按照实际户数来调查,销售量在20台以下的(含20台)调查户数为10户,销售量在20台以上的按20%的比例抽样。调查用户从自治区农机购置补贴用户名单中随机抽取和确定,被调查的用户具有区域代表性,能够反映被调查机型的真实使用情况。被调查棉花收获机产品共1034台,按照上述原则,抽样确定512台,最终调查完成符合要求的棉花收获机为486台。调查的棉花收获机都是水平摘锭、箱式自走式棉花收获机,调查机型的总数占到2018年以来新疆棉花收获机补贴机具总数量的47%,基本涵盖了我区在用机型的种类,调查机型具有广泛的代表性。被调查机型都是作业一个季节以上,能够全面反映棉花收获机产品的质量状况和使用情况。
 
  二、调查结果
 
  新疆棉花收获机质量调查各机型的总体满意指数平均值为70.21,调查结果为满意;安全性满意度指数平均值为76.64,调查结果为满意;可靠性满意度指数平均值为63.68,调查结果为一般;适用性满意度指数平均值为72.35,调查结果为满意;售后服务的满意度指数平均值为69.71,调查结果为一般。
 
  三、存在问题及原因分析
 
  (一)安全性应警钟长鸣
 
  安全性满意度指数平均值为76.75,调查结果为满意。机具的安全性符合国家标准要求,但在用户使用过程中存在潜在的安全隐患。有以下几种情况:一是用户认为部分棉花收获机安全防护装置设置不合理,维修不方便,以至于好多用户在作业过程中拆卸掉部分安全防护装置,安全防护得不到保障;二是用户不重视产品明示的安全注意事项,存在违规处理故障的现象,极易发生严重安全事故;三是未高度重视消防安全要求,采收季节,秋高气爽,天干物燥,易燃的棉花和干燥的棉叶很容易因机械高温引起火灾,造成昂贵的机械和棉花烧毁,给用户带来巨大经济损失,前车之鉴是血的教训,一定要做到防范于未然。
 
  (二)可靠性不稳定是当前棉花收获机质量问题的主要方面
 
  可靠性满意度指数平均值为63.68,调查结果为一般。可靠性问题的原因分析:一是棉花收获机生产企业在零部件及原材料选用上把关不严,特别是一些易损件,如皮带、脱棉盘等使用寿命较低,更换频次较高,不但影响作业效率,还增加了用户的作业成本;二是整机装配质量不过关,特别是一些焊接部位易开裂、液压系统漏油等,给用户造成极大的困扰;三是企业通过收集的用户反馈信息,不断进行优化改进,但效果不够理想;四是没有对驾驶操作人员进行系统的理论和实际操作培训,驾驶操作人不能根据棉花产量、含水率和气候等因素及时进行摘锭与脱棉盘等各处间隙的调整,导致棉花采收不干净,或者速度一快就堵塞采棉头。
 
  (三)适用性还需不断改进
 
  适用性满意度指数平均值为72.35,调查结果为满意。棉花收获机是引进消化吸收国外的先进技术,在先进技术的推广应用下,新疆棉花种植的农艺要求是根据棉花收获机的采收行距确定的,棉花的品种选择、种植模式、田间管理等也是符合机械采收要求,但棉花收获机对作物成熟度、产量高低等的适用性还有待进一步提高。适用性需要改进的方面:一是要优化产品结构设计,如整机重心,采收行距等;二是要选择适合当地的机型进行推广;三是要加大推广标准种植模式和管理模式,加强农机与农艺的融合。
 
  (四)售后服务状况不能很好地满足用户要求
 
  售后服务的满意度指数平均值为69.71,调查结果为一般。生产企业未能按照《中华人民共和国产品质量法》、《三包规定》开展三包工作。售后服务问题的原因分析:一是棉花收获机作业季节非常短,服务网点设置较少,用户购买配件不方便,影响了机器的维修;二是承担售后服务工作的经销企业的售后服务意识较低和服务能力普遍较差,用户只能舍近求远依靠生产企业来解决问题,严重影响了售后服务的时效性;三是生产企业的维修服务人员不足,水平参差不齐,对发生的故障不能准确判断并进行现场排除,只会更换配件,造成机具不能及时修理;四是三包期之外的服务状况较差,用户买不到零配件,或零配件价格太高,超过三包期的产品只能靠用户自行解决相关问题,维修技能差的用户意见很大。
 
  四、建议
 
  (一)改进安全防护措施
 
  生产企业安全质量意识薄弱,贯彻执行相关强制性标准不力,应加强相关强制性标准的宣贯,促使企业设置合理的安全防护措施和消防措施,完善产品设计及安全防护。指导用户在出现安全隐患时,能够正确使用安全消防器材,最大限度的降低生命和财产损失。
 
  (二)提高零部件质量和整机的装配质量
 
  建议企业加强产品设计、加工、组装、安装、检验等每一个环节的质量管控,增加必要的加工设备和必须的检验仪器、配备相应的检验人员,加强各环节的检验与控制。提高自制、外购、外协零部件的质量,增加和延长零部件的使用寿命,尤其是像脱棉盘、摘锭坐管等安装难度较大的部件;制作高质量的装配和焊接工装,提高装配和焊接质量,进而提高棉花收获机整体质量。
 
  (三)加强企业的售后服务能力
 
  企业应合理布置售后服务及维修网点并配备相应的售后服务人员,在服务网点配备充足的零部件,方便用户及时购买,进一步提高售后服务人员的技术水平,增强售后服务人员的服务理念和责任意识。委托的经销企业或维修机构应有相应售后服务能力,尽量选择信誉好、讲诚信、设备齐全、有技术过硬并懂当地少数民族语言的人员、具有二级以上资质的维修企业合作,以保证服务及时、配件供应及时、维修质量可靠。
 
  (四)适当延长“三包期”
 
  由于棉花收获机的作业季节性非常强,南北疆收获季节合计才2个多月时间,所以“三包期”大部分时间机器处于闲置状态,不能体现三包的真实时间,建议适当延长“三包期”。
 
  (五)进一步加强棉花收获机用户(机手)的培训
 
  棉花收获机是一种技术含量高、结构较复杂的产品,机手除会驾驶操作外,还应掌握维护保养、判断和排除故障的技能,企业应加强对用户在售前、售中、售后不同阶段采取多种形式的安全和技术培训。农机管理部门应适时开展相关法律法规宣传,加强农机操作手的培训,通过多方努力,使用户安全规范作业,避免重大质量事故发生。
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