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农业农村部发布《东北地区倒伏玉米机收技术指引》

2020-09-16 08:44:59 来源:农业机械化管理司 阅读量:16003 评论

导读:秋收在即,近期东北部分地区遭遇台风和强降雨,部分玉米植株出现倒伏。为尽力减少倒伏玉米机收损失,现提出以下技术指引。

  【农机网 热点关注】 秋收在即,近期东北部分地区遭遇台风和强降雨,玉米植株出现不同程度的倒伏情况。为有效应对台风等自然灾害对粮食生产带来的不利影响,大程度减少机收作业损失,提高机械化收获的效率和质量,农业农村部在组织专家深入东北地区调研论证基础上,研究提出了《东北地区倒伏玉米机收技术指引》,从适宜机具选择、做好机具调试改装、合理确定作业时间方式、强化作业安全以及收获后处理等方面,提出了机收倒伏玉米的具体措施,指导东北地区科学有序开展倒伏玉米机械化收获作业,为秋粮收获进仓提供技术支撑。
 
  东北地区倒伏玉米机收技术指引
 
  农业农村部农机试验鉴定总站、农机化技术推广总站农业农村部主要农作物生产全程机械化专家指导组
 
  2020年9月
 
  秋收在即,近期东北部分地区遭遇台风和强降雨,部分玉米植株出现倒伏。为尽力减少倒伏玉米机收损失,现提出以下技术指引。
 
  一、适宜机具选择
 
  一是收获倒伏玉米,宜选用割台长度长、倾角小、分禾器尖能够贴地作业的高性能玉米收获机。二是对于有积水或土壤湿度大的地块,宜选用履带式收获机,防止陷车。三是提前开展抢收作业时,籽粒含水量较高,宜选用果穗收获机;籽粒含水率下降至25%以下,可选用籽粒收获机。四是对于倒伏严重且植株折断比率较高或有青贮饲料需求的地方,宜选用具有籽粒破碎功能的地滚刀割台式青贮玉米收获机。
 
  二、做好机具调试改装
 
  作业季开始前对收获机械进行一次全面维护和检查,确保机具在整个收获期能正常工作。适当调整辊式分禾器、链式辅助喂入和拨指式喂入等装置,提高倒伏作物喂入的流畅性;针对籽粒收获机,应调整滚筒转速和凹板间隙等,避免过度揉搓,减少高水分籽粒破损,提高作业的可靠性。经调试或改装后的收获机要做好试运转,先局部后整体,认真检查行走、转向、割台、输送、剥皮、脱粒、清选、卸粮等机构的运行情况,检查升降系统是否工作正常,检查有无异响和漏油、漏水,割台、机架等部件有无变形等,发现问题逐一解决,并提前做好零配件的储备,及时应对机具故障。
 
  三、合理确定作业时间方式
 
  尽快排空田间积水,为机具进地作业创造条件,防止机具下陷或打滑。有条件的地区,尽量选择露水或霜消退后、日落温度下降返潮前,进行收获作业。对于倒伏方向与种植行平行的玉米植株宜采取逆向对行收获方式,并空转返回,有利于扶起倒伏玉米进行收割;对于倒伏方向不一致的玉米植株宜采取往复对行收获作业方式。作业时收获机分禾器前部应在垄沟内贴近地面,并断开秸秆还田装置动力或将该装置提升至高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎,方便人工捡拾,减少收获损失。收获作业时应适当降低收获速度确保正常作业性能,及时清理割台,防止倒伏后玉米植株不规则喂入等原因造成的堵塞,影响作业效果加大作业损失。
 
  四、强化作业安全以及收获后处理
 
  提高安全生产意识,科学规范操作,避免事故发生。对于改装后存在安全隐患的部件,应在明显位置设置安全警示标志。清理拥堵前,应确保机具已经停车熄火,防止割台伤人。采取果穗收获方式,应及时对收集的果穗进行人工清选,剔除霉变,保证粮食质量,并离地储存,通风降水,有条件的可适时脱粒、烘干、仓储。采取籽粒收获方式,应及时采用粮食烘干机进行烘干,水分降至安全贮存含水率后仓储。
 
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