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台风吹倒的玉米如何机械化收割能减小损失?黑龙江省发布技术指导意见

2020-09-10 10:09:58 来源:农机网整理发布 阅读量:42456 评论

导读:《指导意见》从机车调试、改装机具、收获时间、作业方式、收储烘干等几方面进行了指导,以期科学开展秋季收获,努力减少台风带来的损失。

  【农机网 热点关注】 由于近期东北部分地区连续多次遭遇台风暴雨等恶劣天气侵袭,致使玉米严重倒伏,为有效应对台风灾害,科学开展秋季收获,努力减少倒伏玉米收获损失,9月8日,黑龙江省农业机械化技术推广总站发布《倒伏玉米机械化收获减损技术指导意见》,供各地结合本地实际参照执行。
 
  《指导意见》从机车调试、改装机具、收获时间、作业方式、收储烘干等几方面进行了指导,以期科学开展秋季收获,努力减少台风带来的损失。
 
  一、抓紧机车调试,务求良好工况
 
  各地农机化部门要立即行动起来,组织农机合作社、农机大户按照玉米抗倒伏收获的要求,做好试运转,先局部后整体,认真检查行走、转向、割台、输送、剥皮、脱粒、清选、卸粮等机构的运转、传动、操作、调整等情况,检查升降系统是否工作正常,检查有无异常响声和漏油、漏水情况;割台、机架等部件有无变形等,发现问题逐一解决,使机具达到工作状态,并做好易换零配件的储备,预防和减少作业故障的发生,提高收获质量和效率。
 
  有条件的地区要准备好履带式玉米收获机,本地抗灾能力不足的要及时沟通协调机车跨区作业服务。
 
  二、改进改装机具,提高收获效能
 
  各地农机部门要迅速组织技术力量,动员农机维修企业,广泛借鉴各地经验,视情对现有收获机进行合理加装、改进和调整,减少粮食收获作业损失,主要有以下几种改进方式:
 
  1.加长扶禾装置。在收获机割台上加长分禾尖或加装倒伏扶禾装置,增加扶禾作业行程,适当降低割台小倾角度数,使倒伏玉米更加平顺进入割台。
 
  2.加装强制喂入装置。通过加装辅助拨禾轮或螺旋扶倒器,增加作物强制喂入功能,使玉米秸秆喂入割台前尽量扶正,有条件的地区也可加装动力挠爪,进一步提高倒伏玉米归集喂入质量。
 
  3.改装内部功能结构。一是视情将铁胶混合剥皮辊改装为全胶剥皮辊,提高扒皮效果,防止铁辊沟槽粘连泥土降低作业效果;二是将排杂辊改为浮动状态,加装强力风机,将喂入割台的玉米整株有效排出;三是调整脱粒滚筒转速和凹板间隙,避免过度揉搓,防止茎叶中的水分进入玉米籽粒。
 
  三、选准收获时间,适时早收抢收
 
  当前,要首先加大田中积水排泄力度,保证玉米后续生长,为机械进地收获创造条件。其次,根据天气情况、地块特点、品种特性和栽培条件,合理安排收获顺序适时抢收,尽量选择露水消退后进行收获,减少茎叶中的水分进入籽粒,防止霉变发生。对于倒伏严重且发生茎折或根折的玉米,符合青贮条件的可及早进行青贮或直接粉碎还田。
 
  第二年准备实施保护性耕作地块,收获、运输等车辆进地作业时要求不破坏原垄形,减少进地次数,确保玉米原垄免耕播种质量。
 
  四、选择作业方式,确保收获质量
 
  1.确定收获方向。对于玉米倒伏方向与种植行垂直的玉米宜采取对行收割方式;对于倒伏方向与种植行平行的作物宜采取逆向对行收割方式,有利于强制扶起倒伏玉米,减少掉棒及籽粒损失。
 
  2.降低作业速度。收获时通过降档加油门方式匀速作业,使喂入速度与脱粒速度相协调,防止倒伏后玉米籽粒湿度较高和果穗粘连泥土等原因造成的堵塞;也可将收获机清选风量尽可能调大,进而使收获的籽粒清洁度更高,降低籽粒水分,减少玉米霉变的可能性。
 
  3.降低割台高度。视玉米倒伏情况,调整收获机分禾器尖与地面的距离,尽量扶起倒伏玉米,割台要及时清理,防止秸秆和泥土在割台堆积,影响作业效果和效率。
 
  4.选用还田装置。有人工捡拾条件的地区,收获作业时可断开秸秆还田装置动力或将该装置提升至高位置,防止漏收玉米果穗被打碎,方便人工捡拾,减少收获损失。需要秸秆还田的可利用秸秆粉碎还田机进行再次作业。
 
  5.加装履带装置。有积水或土壤湿度大的地块,建议采用履带式收获机或收获机加装半履带进行抢收作业。
 
  五、科学开展收储,抓好颗粒归仓
 
  一是采取果穗收获方式,要及时对收集的果穗进行清选,剔除霉变,果穗应离地储存,及时通风降水,有条件的可适时脱粒、烘干、仓储,保证粮食质量;二是采取籽粒收获方式时,应及时采用连续式粮食烘干机进行烘干,水分降低后仓储,以防霉变损失。
 
  本文由农机网(www.nongjx.com)整理发布,资料来源:黑龙江省农业机械化技术推广总站,如有侵权或异议请联系我们。
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