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爱科农艺小课堂：耕作的力量（二）

2020-04-26 10:17:18 来源：爱科在线 阅读量：22481 评论

导读：上期的农艺小课堂小编已经和大家提前预告过，我们将持续关注不同的耕作方式对苗床环境以及后续粮食产量所产生的影响。

　　【农机网 明星企业】 上期的农艺小课堂小编已经和大家提前预告过，我们将持续关注不同的耕作方式对苗床环境以及后续粮食产量所产生的影响。
 
　　本期我们将结合实际案例给大家科普三种常见的耕作方式及其对土壤环境的不同影响。

 
田间中耕 VS 垂直耕作
 
　　首先，我们向大家科普田间中耕和垂直耕作的含义。
 
　　田间中耕
 
　　是指对土壤进行浅层翻倒、疏松表层土壤的耕作方式。
 
　　垂直耕作
 
　　入土较深、作用较强烈、能显著改变土壤性状、后效较长、消耗动力多的土壤耕作措施田间中耕。
 
　　在美国南部城市埃尔帕索的一个地块里，在种植期间我们根据Smart Firmer® 传感器收集到的数据形成了一份车辙水分地图。
 
　　根据地图显示：使用田间中耕机进行耕作的田块对应的深绿色的水分读数与使用垂直耕作方式进行的另外一半田块对应浅绿色(更为干燥)水分读数有明显的差别。
 
　　因此，我们可以得出结论：
 
　　耕作深度会对土壤湿度产生影响。

上方田块使用田间中耕方式，下方田块使用垂直耕作方式
 
　　然而，视觉上的差异还不止于此。这块地是2019年6月8日开始种植的，而当7月15日，我们到达地块时已经明显可以看到两块地的玉米株高度有差异。同一天，在Climate Field View™上捕捉到了这两块地的田块健康图像如下 。

上图植被图是根据卫星图像显示的当前田块生物量

 
该图像是田块健康监测地图，它直观地表面了田间作物的差异性，显现出当天该田块的高低绩效区域。表现较好的区域为绿色，表现较差的区域为黄色和红色。
 
　　北半部田块在种植前使用了田间中耕机进行翻耕，而南半部田块是选择了垂直耕作的方式。
 
　　因而我们进一步得出结论：
 
　　对于玉米这种作物来说，田间中耕耕作方法可以疏松土壤，流通空气，保持水分，提高地温，更适合作物生长，提高种植效率和收获产量。
 
 
带状耕作方式在湿土地的优越性
 
　　2019年农场春耕期间的湿土环境对我们正在进行的耕作试验产生了巨大的影响。我们在进行玉米-大豆-玉米的连续轮番种植时，采用了传统耕作、带状耕作、垂直耕作和免耕制度四种不同方式，系统且直观地对因为不同耕作方式而对作物产量和经济影响进行了比较。
 
　　到目前为止，使用传统耕作的田块结果是很差的。所谓传统耕作是指传统耕作法可用机械、畜力或人力进行土壤耕作，创造有一定深度的疏松的耕层，并与耙、压、耱等表土耕作措施相结合。
 
　　由于早春的时候，田块太过于潮湿。使用传统耕作的话，我们须用土壤修整机把田块挖开，在我们挖开田块之后，气温达到了29到32度，风速达到了每小时40公里。这时田块表层的约5厘米的土壤将会变得十分干燥。这样的土壤环境就会使播种面临一个挑战，因为作物需要正确的下压力和残留物管理设置，才能达到正确的种植深度。否则你的种子就会落在干土里，继而影响种植效果。

　　相比之下，带状耕作后的田块可能是我们今年种植玉米和大豆很好的区域。所谓带状耕作是指把坡耕地沿等高线分带，按不同农作物或牧草相间种植。其特点是土壤局部耕作，而全田则终年有覆盖。松土与板田并存，既有利于作物生长，又有利于保持水土，是一种较好的保护耕作法。
 
　　因此我们可以知道，在湿土环境中，前期选择带状耕作的话，可以为苗床打下良好的基础，有效降低后续播种时的不当操作所带来的风险，减少投入成本，提高种植效率。

　　今天的耕作方式就给大家介绍到这里，下期我们会与大家一同探讨田间残茬管理的学问，我们不见不见哦！

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