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疫情期间春季蔬菜机械化生产指导意见

2020-03-20 09:14:23 来源:农业农村部农机推广与监理网 阅读量:21838 评论

导读:春季雨水多,气温回升起伏大,蔬菜进入生长盛期。同时,疫情期间受多种因素影响,蔬菜供需时常错位。需要科学进行肥水运筹、温光管理、植株调整,调控蔬菜生长、适时采收、及时补种,确保产量和品质。现就疫情期间春季蔬菜机械化生产提出以下指导意见,供各地蔬菜生产经营主体参考。

  【农机网 热点关注】春季雨水多,气温回升起伏大,蔬菜进入生长盛期。同时,疫情期间受多种因素影响,蔬菜供需时常错位。需要科学进行肥水运筹、温光管理、植株调整,调控蔬菜生长、适时采收、及时补种,确保产量和品质。现就疫情期间春季蔬菜机械化生产提出以下指导意见,供各地蔬菜生产经营主体参考。
 
  1.不失时机抓好春季生产。按照分区分级差异化疫情防控要求,不失时机抓好春季生产,根据自身需求,积极参加线上、线下技术培训和指导,选择配置适用蔬菜生产机具,充分享受政府、企业和社会组织提供的公益性和社会化技术服务,合理使用农机,能下田、下好田,提高蔬菜生产效率。
 
  2.了解市场变化,保障均衡供应。充分利用现代信息网络手段,及时获取气象、市场、农业等部门信息服务,了解掌握疫情期间春季蔬菜生产特点和市场供应状况,做好农资准备,调整与落实好春季生产计划,及时采收成熟蔬菜,适当扩种叶菜和速生蔬菜面积,合理规避风险,均衡稳定供应蔬菜。
 
  3.严格防疫、安全生产。在作业过程中要严格执行防疫规范,尽量采用机械化生产,减小作业人员密度。做好机具消毒,确保身体健康和生命安全,杜绝在蔬菜生产过程中传播疫情。严格落实水、电、药、肥、机等相关安全操作技术规范与保障措施,确保蔬菜安全生产和品质要求。
 
  4.各环节机械化生产要求
 
  (1)菜地准备。根据设施条件、前茬残留作物种类及其处理方式,选配秸秆粉碎还田机、粉碎还田耕整机、残膜回收机等,对前茬残留物清除或处理作业。
 
  (2)施肥。根据设施条件、肥料种类及撒施方式,选用颗粒肥撒肥机、厩肥撒肥机、粪肥撒肥机等,在定植前施足基肥。
 
  (3)耕地。选用大棚王配套旋耕机械为主、微耕机为辅进行旋耕作业,满足多种耕作需要。作业深度15—20cm,碎土率在90%以上,土地细碎平整。对于粘性土壤可作业两遍。
 
  (4)整地。根据蔬菜品种、种植方式、农艺要求以及土壤类型,选用开沟机、起垄机、铺膜机或起垄铺膜复式机械等进行开沟、起垄(作畦)、压实、铺膜等作业。一般垄面宽度50—80cm,垄高15—25cm,沟宽大于20cm,垄面平整,垄行排列整齐。铺膜膜边覆土宽度5—10cm,覆土厚度3—5cm。
 
  (5)直播。根据蔬菜种子形态大小和农艺要求,选用电动(人力驱动)蔬菜精密直播机、机动蔬菜精密直播机或拖拉机悬挂蔬菜精密直播机进行蔬菜直播作业。
 
  (6)育苗播种。播前应选种和浸种。根据种子形状大小、穴盘规格和农艺要求,选用半自动穴盘育苗播种机、全自动穴盘育苗播种机或全自动穴盘育苗播种流水线等设备进行播种作业,一穴一粒。
 
  (7)移栽。根据田块条件和种植规模,选用全自动、半自动蔬菜移栽机进行田间定植作业,作业前根据当地农艺要求调整好株距、行距和栽植深度。
 
  (8)设施环境调控。结合天气变化,及时调节温室内环境,确保温度、湿度、光照等条件满足蔬菜生产需要。若需延期采收,可通过通风及减少覆盖等措施,适当降低设施内的温度,降低蔬菜生长速度,减缓成熟期。根据条件选配卷帘机、卷膜机、通风机、热风炉、热泵、湿帘、二氧化碳发生器、微喷系统、补光系统等环境调控设施设备。
 
  (9)肥水管理。随着气温的回升,快速生长的蔬菜需要充足的肥水,要适时适量追施肥料,灌溉采取膜下暗灌或滴灌的方式进行,利于降低室内湿度,切忌大水漫灌。适当控水控肥,控制作物生长速度,可延缓成熟,使采收期延后。建议选用固定式、移动式喷滴灌设备、节水灌溉(水肥一体)系统,根据墒情和植株需求定量精准施肥灌溉。
 
  (10)病虫害防治。在蔬菜定植前,采取物理、化学及生物综合防治措施进行棚室杀虫消毒处理。防病先降湿,采取通风降温除湿等技术措施,预防病害发生。棚内化学防治建议选配电动(静电)喷雾器、动力(静电)喷雾机、热烟雾机或常温烟雾机(系统)等;物理防治建议选配臭氧发生器、杀虫灯、吸虫机、性诱捕器、诱虫板等。
 
  (11)植株调整。番茄、黄瓜、辣椒等果菜类蔬菜在生长过程中要进行整枝打杈、支架绑蔓、摘叶束叶、疏花疏果、压蔓。甘蓝等结球蔬菜在生长后期应进行折叶。各类蔬菜要及时清除老叶、病叶、病株。根据条件选用吊蔓器具、修剪器具以及移动升降作业平台等设备。
 
  (12)采收和运输。蔬菜收获及运输劳动强度大,疫情期间劳动力短缺,尽量利用机械进行收获和运输。茎叶类蔬菜可采用割刀式收获机将茎叶切割、输送、装箱,完成收获作业;果菜类蔬菜可采用半机械方式收获,利用收获作业平台,人工采收,将果实通过输送装置运送至集果箱。运输建议选配专用蔬菜采收搬运机、电瓶车、箱式货车、冷藏运输车等。
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