面对蝗灾,植保无人机能做什么?,大疆农业,植保无人机-农机网
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面对蝗灾,植保无人机能做什么?
2020-02-20
09:02:19
来源: DJI大疆农业 阅读量:15350
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导读: 2月11日,联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)向进行了预警,称希望高度戒备现在正在肆虐的蝗灾,防止被入侵国家出现粮食危机。
【农机网 明星企业】 2月11日,联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)向进行了预警,称希望高度戒备现在正在肆虐的蝗灾,防止被入侵国家出现粮食危机。
据悉,本次蝗灾始于非洲,然后飞过红海进入中东,目前已经到达了巴基斯坦和印度。此次蝗灾对农作物的破坏力是东非地区 25 年之,是肯尼亚 70 年之,索马里和埃塞俄比亚已宣布农业生产完全停滞,邻国巴基斯坦和印度两国面临着巨大的压力。据测算,一平方公里大小容纳8000万只成年蝗虫的蝗群,一天的食物消耗量与3.5万人的食物消耗量相当。
非洲蝗灾从何而来
2018 年 5 月份和 10 月份,两场台风相继登录红海两岸的沙漠地带,给干旱贫瘠的沙漠带来了久违的雨水,也给生活在此处的沙漠蝗虫带来了*的繁殖条件和充足的食物,一时间,蝗虫数量成倍的增加。到了2019年1月,蝗灾已经在厄立特里亚和苏丹的平原上初步成型。随后,蝗虫开始向周边国家扩散,一支向南飞向肯尼亚,另一支则乘着季风跨越300公里宽的红海出现在沙特阿拉伯。
尽管沿途国家采取了一系列防治措施,但是蝗群依然冲破重重关卡扩大着它们的势力。时至今日,蝗灾已经形成了三个中心,分别在非洲东北部,红海两侧以及印巴边境。数以千亿计的蝗虫正在以惊人的速度抢夺着当地居民的口粮。然而,这似乎还只是一个开始。FAO预测,蝗灾的扩大趋势可能会延续到今年 6 月,届时,蝗虫群的规模甚至可以增长到当前的500倍。
蝗灾是否会波及我国?
目前蝗虫已到达印度。考虑到我国边境地区昆仑山脉和喜马拉雅山脉阻隔,蝗虫很难越过。我国西藏南部和云南西部边境与尼泊尔和缅甸沙漠蝗发生区毗邻,随季风可能有少量迁入我国,但危害的概率很小。目前,农业农村部正密切跟踪境外蝗灾动态,同时安排云南、西藏等省区加强边境的蝗虫监测,严防迁入危害。
如何防治蝗灾?
在中国古代,蝗灾与水灾、旱灾一起并称为三大自然灾害。据历史记载,蝗灾在我国古代在 2-3 年就发生一次,给古代人民的生存带来了巨大的挑战。在新中国成立之后,国家高度重视蝗虫的防治,通过一代代人的努力,总结出一套“预防为主,综合防治”的蝗虫防治手段。使蝗灾在中国基本得到控制。
1、 生态控制
生态控制的目的在于消除有利于蝗虫繁殖的条件。在沿海滩涂、湖滨地区、河泛地区、农牧交错区等蝗虫易于发生的地区。通过植树种草、开垦荒地等方式加大植被覆盖面积,压缩蝗虫生存空间,从而控制蝗灾。
2、 生物防治
在中低密度发生区、湖库水源区和自然保护区,使用绿僵菌、微孢子虫微生物制剂以及植物源农药、牧鸡牧鸭等防治蝗虫。
(1)生物农药
绿僵菌和蝗虫微孢子虫可寄生在蝗虫上,导致蝗虫死亡,并可以在蝗虫之间传播。通过喷洒绿僵菌或蝗虫微孢子虫制剂,可有效控制蝗虫的种群密度。
(2)植物源农药
在非湖库水源区蝗虫发生区,当蝗虫密度发生较低或零星发生,喷洒苦参碱、印楝素、苦皮藤素等植物源农药防治蝗虫
(3)牧鸡牧鸭治蝗
针对新疆、内蒙古等北方农牧交错区或草原蝗区,在治蝗季节,在海拔不太高、地势较平缓、交通方便 、离水源不远的蝗区,将培育调训好的牧鸡、牧鸭运到蝗虫发生区,让鸡群或鸭群捕食蝗虫,降低蝗虫密度,控制蝗虫危害。
(4)利用天敌保护
在新疆等粉红椋鸟自然繁殖区,在蝗虫发生区,通过人工修筑鸟巢,创造栖息产卵的场所来招引粉红椋鸟产卵、育雏,通过招引粉红椋鸟捕食蝗虫,控制蝗虫危害。
3、 化学防治
当蝗虫的密度达到了防治指标时,可用化学农药进行防治。目前常用的农药有:有机磷
杀虫剂(如马拉硫磷)、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂(如高效氯氟氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯)。
当进行大面积作业时,可使用有人飞机。飞机单次起降作业面积一般应在 500 公顷以上。飞机作业飞行高度 5 米至 l2 米,喷幅为 50 米至 100 米 ,飞行作业速度为 160 千米/小时左右。
在蝗虫密度达到防治指标,不具备飞机防治条件的蝗区,可采取地面施药防治措施。在蝗虫处于3 龄至4龄的时期。针对蝗虫发生情况可以采取如下措施。
局部防治:对局部出现的成群蝗虫和防治后残存蝗虫超过防治指标的蝗区,进行防治,控制蝗虫的扩散。
普遍防治:当蝗虫发生面积大、发生程度重,蝗虫发生区距农田较近时,进行大范围统一防治。
条带防治:当蝗虫密度达到防治指标 ,蝗虫发生区是距农田较远的大面积荒地或草原。施药方法为每间隔 50 米至 100 米的距离设一用药带。
植保无人机在蝗灾防治上的应用
和有人飞机相比,植保无人机在蝗虫防治上具有简单易学,灵活机动,价格较低的优点。同时,在一些坡度较大、沟壑纵横的地区,植保无人机更能深入到复杂的环境里,对蝗虫进行全面防控。因此植保无人机作为一种全新的蝗虫防治手段,已经被应用到我国蝗灾的防治当中。
2017 年 9 月,由于连续 4 年的干旱,潍坊峡山水库周边蝗虫大量繁殖,威胁到周边农田的安全。当地调用德农商贸的 19 架大疆 MG-1S 无人机与直升机结合进行条带防治,在水库周边安全距离以外通过喷洒化学农药形成了一条长 30 公里、宽 500 米的隔离带,有效的阻止了蝗虫的扩散。
潍坊无人机防治蝗虫现场
2019 年 7 月,新疆伊犁州霍尔果斯地区为控制蝗虫,对 28000 亩的草场进行化学防治。由于当地坡度较大,沟壑纵横,有人飞机作业困难。于是从伊犁鹏飞致远公司调用 8 台大疆 T16 植保无人机,用 10 天时间完成了防控任务。
霍尔果斯用T16防治蝗虫
经验表明。用于条带防治时,需要使用持效期较长的农药,如氯氰菊酯、三氯氟氰菊酯等。在药效失效时进行再次防治,直到蝗虫密度降低至防治指标以下。对于正在迁飞的小群蝗虫,可在蝗虫群落地休息时进行喷雾,可用高效氯氟氰菊酯、马拉硫磷等*性好的药剂进行喷雾防治。T16 及 T20 在防治蝗虫时的作业参数如下:
蝗虫防治作业环境多样。应当根据作业地形选择作业模式。若作业区域较小且地形复杂,可使用手动作业模式。若作业区域较大且地形复杂,障碍物较多,可先用大疆 P4R 进行测绘规划航线后进行
飞防作业。若作业区域较平坦且地块较大,可使用航线规划模式作业。每次降落后,需清理掉落在飞机表面的蝗虫尸体及残渣,减轻作业负担。
大疆农业作为的植保无人机解决方案提供商,也将密切监测国内外的蝗灾动态。并推出相应措施,积极地将无人机防治蝗灾的经验与思路,带到海外的重灾区,帮助当地消灭蝗灾。
拓展资料:双面蝗虫
此次带来灾难的蝗虫叫沙漠蝗(schistocerca gregaria)。实际上,在大多数时间里,沙漠蝗是一种独居动物。它们习惯于在沙漠边缘的草丛里安静的停留。在同伴靠近时,他们会本能的躲开。
然而台风带来的异常降雨,使蝗虫的生存环境发生变化。适宜的土壤湿度非常有利于蝗虫的繁殖,蝗虫母亲们纷纷向松软的沙土中产下 80-120 枚卵,当这些卵孵化后,蝗虫群的密度大幅增加。蝗虫群*的啃食着沙漠中的植物,食物资源越来越少而蝗虫越来越多,迫使蝗虫们不断聚集到剩余的植物上。
在此过程中,蝗虫之间不免产生肢体的碰撞,这种碰撞会刺激蝗虫产生一种叫做苯乙腈的信息素,这种信息素的释放警告整个蝗虫群体:食物不够了,要想活,必须迁徙!食物的匮乏迫使蝗虫改变了生存策略,此后,蝗虫不再是那个孤僻的黄色小虫,而是集合在一起形成了一股强大的力量,一只只蝗虫犹如一架架小型战斗机一样升空,向着绿色,向着食物,前进。在迁徙过程中,蝗虫不断繁殖,沿途的蝗虫不断加入,使得蝗虫群像滚雪球一样扩大,终形成了我们今天看到的规模。
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