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变暖:农业生产受重创,农机行业该如何应对?

2019-09-23 17:05:01 来源:农机网原创 作者:四夕 阅读量:53054 评论

导读:据《欧洲时报》报道,当地时间9月17日,法国科学家发出警告称,温室效应问题比人们先前想象的还要严重,坏的估计是:到2100年,平均气温将增高7摄氏度。

  【农机网 编辑视角】据《欧洲时报》报道,当地时间9月17日,法国科学家发出警告称,温室效应问题比人们先前想象的还要严重,坏的估计是:到2100年,平均气温将增高7摄氏度。
 
  这种气候模式带来了持续时间长且涉及地域广的干旱现象,造成农业生产遇到严重问题、森林起火现象越来越多等等恶果。虽然科学家们乐观设想可以将均温升高幅度控制在2摄氏度以下,但这就需要的是人们尽快减少二氧化碳的排放量。那么,减少二氧化碳排放,农机行业能做什么?
 
  政策支持绿色农机发展
 
  · 《2018—2020年农机购置补贴实施指导意见》中明确指出要优先保证深松整地、免耕播种、植保、节水灌溉、施肥、秸秆还田离田、残膜回收、畜禽粪污资源化利用、病死畜禽无害化处理等支持农业绿色发展机具的补贴需要。
 
  · 2019—2020年的农机购置补贴要求也更加突出绿色向导,要求顺应需求发展绿色农机,包括大力支持深松整地、秸秆还田离田、畜禽粪污资源化利用等绿色装备的推广应用,拟安排180亿元农机购置补贴资金对绿色农机“应补尽补”。
 
  · 农业农村部办公厅发布《中央农村工作领导小组办公室 农业农村部关于做好2019年农业农村工作的实施意见》再提推进农业绿色发展,提出要推动大型规模养殖场粪污处理设施装备配套率达到100%,推进农药化肥减量增效、开展农膜回收示范行动、建设一批秸秆综合利用整县推进试点、强化耕地土壤污染管控与修复等举措。
 
  · 农业农村部新制修订的《农业机械推广鉴定大纲编写规则》等4项农业机械试验鉴定通则和《农业轮式和履带拖拉机》等153项农业机械推广鉴定大纲中增加了有效供给,进一步促进现代农业绿色发展,新制定畜禽粪污资源化利用等机具的大纲71个,加速农业农村生产急需的节本、绿色环保、智能安全农业机械广应用,促进绿色农机化技术创新和推广应用,为实施农业绿色发展提供了物质技术装备支撑。
 
  农业机械国四排放升级
 
  为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国环境保护法》《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》等法律法规,防治非道路移动机械污染大气环境,国家生态环境部于2018年8月19日发布了《非道路移动机械污染防治技术政策》,提出了非道路移动机械污染防治的总目标,“新生产装用压燃式发动机的非道路移动机械,2020年达到国家第四阶段排放控制水平,2025年与*排放控制水平接轨”。其中所说的非道路机械包括:工程机械、农业机械、林业机械、渔业机械、发电机组和机场地勤设备等。
 
  2019年2月26日,生态环境部发布“关于征求《〈非道路移动机械用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(*三、四阶段)(GB 20891-2014)修改单(征求意见稿)》意见的函”,其中在附件修改单中明确表示:“自2020年12月1日起,凡不满足本标准第四阶段要求的非道路移动机械不得生产、进口、销售;不满足本标准第四阶段要求的非道路移动机械用柴油机不得生产、进口、销售和投入使用”。
 
  也就是说,从2020年12月1日开始,排放达不到国四标准的农机产品将不能生产和销售。
 
  富碳农业减排温室气体
 
  二氧化碳也能当作肥料?没错。富碳农业,是指在人工密闭环境中,利用光、气、温、水、肥、种等佳条件组合,创造率的光合作用环境,将二氧化碳作为气肥大量使用,将工业产生的二氧化碳用于农业生产。
 
  内蒙古自治区农牧业厅副厅长赵永华认为,目前二氧化碳在工业上也有许多方面的利用,都是把二氧化碳作为介质,并不能将其真正消耗掉,终还是被排放到大气中。而富碳农业利用植物光合作用,消耗掉二氧化碳,从而达到减排温室气体的效果。
 
  他提出,全国有5600万亩设施农业,按每亩用2至3吨二氧化碳计算,每年可消耗1.1亿至1.6亿吨二氧化碳,推广富碳农业对减排温室气体效果是相当可观的。
 
  减排禁烧,推动秸秆综合利用
 
  我国是农业生产大国,也是农作物秸秆生产大国,全国每年生产的各类农作物秸秆总量超过了7亿吨,居世界位。但因受技术、财力及农业生产者的消费观念、生活方式及作业习惯限制,超过半数以上的秸秆都被人为就地点燃焚烧或直接丢弃在田间地头,不仅造成了大量宝贵资源的惊人浪费,而且秸秆经不完全燃烧还会产生大量的有害物质,严重污染环境,危害人们身体健康,甚至危及交通及人民生命财产安全。
 
  ·早在1999年,国家环境保护总局会同农业部、财政部、铁道部交通部和中国民用航空总局联合下发了《秸秆禁烧和综合利用管理办法》,次将秸秆禁烧工作提到议事日程。
 
  ·2008年,国务院办公厅印发了《于加快推进农作物秸秆综合利用的意见》,提出了秸秆综合利用的目标任务、重点和政策措施。
 
  ·2011年,国家发展改革委、农业部、财政部再次联合发文,印发了《“十二五”农作物秸秆综合利用实施方案》。
 
  ·2015年11月25日,从国家发展改革委获悉,发展改革委、财政部、农业部、环境保护部日前联合发出通知,要求各地进一步加强秸秆综合利用与禁烧工作,力争到2020年全国秸秆综合利用率达到85%以上。
 
  ·2016年以来,原农业部会同财政部在12省(区)开展了秸秆综合利用试点。
 
  结语:2015年12月《联合国气候变化框架公约》195个缔约方国家通过了《巴黎协定》。在《巴黎协定》框架下,中国提出到2030年左右,中国的二氧化碳排放将达到峰值,并争取尽早达峰;2030年中国单位GDP二氧化碳排放要比2005年下降60%~65%;2030年非化石能源在总能源当中的比例提升到20%左右。
 
  2018年,我国碳排放强度比2005年下降45.8%,基本扭转了温室气体排放快速增长的局面。中国作为一个负责任的大国,兑现碳减排承诺是义不容辞的责任。随着全社会应对气候变化意识的稳步提高,我国农机行业也应该继续坚定不移实施应对气候变化国家战略,积极发展绿色农机,减少二氧化碳的排放,共同应对变暖对农业发展带来的危害。
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