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对加快发展丘陵山区农业机械化 提升安康综合机械化水平的思考

2019-02-20 09:11:20 来源:安康市农业机械管理局 江东 阅读量:13972 评论

导读:国务院发布了《关于加快推进农业机械化和农机装备产业转型升级的指导意见》的文件,要求以服务乡村振兴战略,以农机农艺融合、机械化信息化融合、农机服务模式与农业适度规模经营相适应、机械化生产与农田建设相适应为路径,以科技创新、机制创新、政策创新为动力,补短板、强弱项、促协调,推动农机装备产业向高质量发展转型,推动农业机械化向全程全面高质升级,为实现农业农村现代化提供有力支撑。

  【中国农机网 热点关注】国务院发布了《关于加快推进农业机械化和农机装备产业转型升级的指导意见》的文件,要求以服务乡村振兴战略,以农机农艺融合、机械化信息化融合、农机服务模式与农业适度规模经营相适应、机械化生产与农田建设相适应为路径,以科技创新、机制创新、政策创新为动力,补短板、强弱项、促协调,推动农机装备产业向高质量发展转型,推动农业机械化向全程全面高质升级,为实现农业农村现代化提供有力支撑。
 
  在这样的政策形势下,丘陵山区的农机化工作面临着的发展机遇,同时机遇与挑战并存,工作要求、任务时限和措施步骤和保障支持都一一明确,需要我们沉下身子,苦干实干,迎头赶上,保质保量,既要保证农业机械化水平的稳步提升,更要保证农业现代化和乡村振兴战略目标的如期实现。
 
  一、明确任务和目标
 
  文件明确提出了到2020年,全国农作物耕种收综合机械化率达到70%,主粮作物基本实现生产全程机械化,经济作物全程机械化生产体系基本建立,设施农业、畜牧养殖、水产养殖和农产品初加工机械化取得明显进展。到2025年,全国农作物耕种收综合机械化率达到75%,丘陵山区县(市、区)农作物耕种收综合机械化率达到55%。薄弱环节机械化全面突破,油菜种植、收获机化率分别达到50%和65%,设施农业、畜牧养殖、水产养殖和农产品初加工机械化率总体达到50%左右。这是对我们提出的底线要求,必须按时、、高质完成,不能松懈和后退。
 
  二、正视问题和不足
 
  (一)自然条件差。安康是典型的“八山一水一分田”的丘陵山区地貌,山多地少;坡地多,平地少;旱地多,水田少;适宜机械作业地少;撂荒、退耕和建设地增多,在耕地减少。
 
  家庭户营方式使地块过于零碎,田间道路、机耕道路少,且损毁占用严重,路基多为土石路面,大中型机械很难通行作业。
 
  (二)作物种类多。安康地处南北过渡带,汉江穿流而过,农作物种类多样,水域面积大。粮油作物以小麦、水稻、玉米、薯类、油菜为主;经济作物有茶、桑、魔芋、烤烟、黄姜、中药材等;养殖业以生猪、牛羊、家禽为主;水产中的渔业,林产品中的核桃、拐枣等种类丰富。作物多样性要求对专用机械的需求较多,标准更高,性能更优。
 
  (三)适宜机械缺。适宜丘陵山地作业的机械种类偏少,适应性不强,质量不高、可靠性低,作业效果差;从作业过程上说,分段式作业机械多,复合式全程化机械少;科技研发投入不够,部分技术尚不完全成熟,可选机械单一,满足不了发展要求和市场需求,多功能复合式机械极缺。
 
  (四)发展不均衡。从地域上看,汉滨、汉阴、石泉、平利等川道平地面积较多的县区综合机械化水平达到了35%以上,紫阳、岚皋、镇坪等自然条件差的县综合机械化水平还在20%以下。从作物类型上看,粮油作物综合机械化水平相对较高,以水稻、油菜较为明显,其他作物水平很低或者才处于起步阶段,远低于国、省的平均水平,差距明显。
 
  三、分析形势和差距
 
  (一)机械化水平方面。据统计,2017年安康综合机械化水平为28.5%,距离2025年要实现的55%目标,相差26.5%,可用有效时间7年多,相当于在现有基础上翻一番。我们用了几十年的时间才达到28.5%,现在要用7年多时间来干完原来几十年时间才做完的事,任务之艰、难度之大、时间之紧、要求之高显而易见。
 
  (二)机械化水平达标方面(2018-2025)。2017年机耕、机种、机收机械化水平分别为64.3%,2.8%,6.6%,综合机械化水平28.5%。
 
安康综合机械化水平增长测算方案(2018——2025)
 
  (三)作业方面。全市有300万亩耕地,机械化率提升26.5%,达到55%,机械化作业面积按照耕、种、收分别增加80万亩以上,净增240万亩以上,年均增加30万亩以上,机耕、机播、机收分别增10万亩以上。
 
  (四)机具需求方面。按照作业面积增长和农机作业适度规模每200亩/台动力机械的实际测算,年增加拖拉机等大中型动力机械500——700台,收获500亩/台测算,年增加收割机200台——300台,配套机具按1:3测算,年增加1500——2000套。
 
  (五)农田改造方面。农田全部实施宜机化改造,年改造10万亩,共改造70万亩,按1500元/亩补助,需投入资金10.5亿元,年均投入1.5亿元。
 
  (六)从业人员方面。全市总数共按10000名测算,300亩/人,年增加农机驾驶操作、维修人员1000——1200名。
 
  (七)目标定位方面。“取法乎上,仅得其中;取法乎中,仅得其下”,按照这样的思路,我们的目标应定位在58%以上,才能达到55%的目标,年均增速应保持在4%以上,增速是全国丘陵山区平均水平的2倍。
 
  四、加快组织推动
 
  (一)实施农机服务机制创新工程,完善“一社一区”发展模式。在“以社带区,以区养社,区社协调” 发展的基础上,增加新内容,拓展新业务,赋予新内涵,促进区域农业机械化水平整体提升,提升农机经营服务组织的综合效益。在耕种收作业服务的基础上,增加农资统供、植保、收获后处理,农产品加工等内容,探索“社”收集处理“区”内的农作物秸秆加工生物质燃料的综合利用模式,提供农产品烘干、加工方服务,建立产品定向销售渠道,从订单种植向订单销售转变,实现产供销全过程服务,延长服务链条,增加农机合作组织的经济效益。
 
  (二)实施农机作业条件改善工程,加快“宜机地”改造。对已经实施了高标农田建设的地块实施专项“宜机化改造”,对拟实施的地块同步进行改造,彻底解决大中型农机“进田难”、“应用难”问题。坚持配套土地深松、秸秆还田等机械化技术改善土壤质量,提高农业综合生产能力。在效果上实现田块儿“小变大,乱变顺,短并长”,实现丘陵山地条田化、梯田化、缓坡化,达到地块与农田耕作道、生产道互联互通。使坡地能适应大中型农机在关键生产环节实现机械化作业,为丘陵山区农业机械化作业条件的改善助推发力。
 
  (三)实施农机人才兴机工程,培育优化新型经营主体。切实抓好农机人才培养,解决好“机有人用”的主体培育,实施“万名农机手”培育计划,每年培育1000人以上。培养一批既懂农机也懂农艺的职业农民或农机专业人才,在扶持上落实好机播机收补助政策,建立探索完善职业农民的生产性补贴制度,提高生产积极性,确保这一主体持久稳定的从事农业生产。支持农机作业公司、专业合作社、农机专业户建设,促进和带动农业机械化示范区建设,逐年扩大作业范围,完善作业环节,提高作业质量,增加作业收益,不断提升综合机械化水平。
 
  (四)实施新机具新技术示范工程,加快先进新型农机推广。适宜于丘陵山地的农业机械“贫困”,门类少、产品稀、型号缺。丘陵山地农业的机械化由“脱贫”走向振兴,必须猛攻薄弱环节,加快科研攻关、成果转化、机械定型,让丘陵山地有机可用,让山地农民有机可选。机械研发要“出精品”,发展全地形、多功能、全智能化产品,用高精科技来弥补发展缓慢的“短板”。在产品定位上构建“大农机”概念,涵盖农业工程领域内的所有农业生产过程,从单纯的机械农业扩展到工程农业、装备农业。农业机械生产标准的通用化。实现农业机械主机、配套机具等标准的通用化,简便化,电子化,智能化,“一套标准管全国,管”。
 
  (五)实施农机装备优化工程,确保农机数量持续快速增长。一是促进大马力、高性能、复式作业机械的发展,加快老旧农业机械的更新报废,促进作业机械和拖拉机配套机具的发展,改善配套比,提高利用率。二是继续集中力量主攻薄弱环节,尽快提高综合机械化水平,由耕种收环节机械化向产前、产中、产后全过程机械化延伸,围绕优势农产品区域布局,因地制宜逐步推动特色优势产业、养殖业、设施农业、农产品初加工业和农业废弃物综合利用机械化。三是按照全力普及机耕、大力发展机收、努力提升机播的思路,鼓励发展基础较好的县区发展,更好地发挥辐射带动、示范作用。统筹农机购置补贴及各类项目资金对农民购置使用大中型、高性能、多功能复式作业的动力农机装备给予重点支持。
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