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积极实现零增长:化肥农药减量使用已成种植业常态

2018-11-29 14:41:31 来源:中国农机网整理发布 阅读量:22577 评论

导读:据了解,自2015年农业农村部制定了《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》《到2020年农药使用量零增长行动方案》,日前农业农村部又联合生态环境部印发了《农业农村污染治理攻坚战行动计划》,该方案明确到2020年全国主要农作物化肥、农药使用量实现负增长,化肥、农药利用率均达到40%以上。当前在各地农业部门积极措施下,化肥农药的减量使用已经成为种植产业的常态。

  【中国农机网 地方农机】 据了解,自2015年农业农村部制定了《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》《到2020年农药使用量零增长行动方案》,日前农业农村部又联合生态环境部印发了《农业农村污染治理攻坚战行动计划》,该方案明确到2020年全国主要农作物化肥、农药使用量实现负增长,化肥、农药利用率均达到40%以上。当前在各地农业部门积极措施下,化肥农药的减量使用已经成为种植产业的常态。
 
  广东五华县化肥农药双减 农户增产增收
 
  2018年11月8日,五华县棉洋镇联西村示范田基地迎来一片丰收,实割实测成果显著。试验田通过实施,取得了四个方面成效。

  化肥减排效果明显:农民平均用肥减少10公斤/亩,减幅达到18%。据了解常规田每亩肥料220元,试验田三控肥每亩135元,每亩可节省肥料钱85元。
 
  农药减排效果明显:全面推广生物农药、低毒低残留农药、喷雾器和统防统治等综合防控技术,使试验田农药利用率从30%提高到40%,农药包装废弃物回收率从0提高到90%,农产品农药残留量符合国家标准。
 
  增加农民收入:常规田,亩产干谷1070市斤。试验田亩产干谷1170市斤。试验田比常规田亩产增值100斤。实实在在增加了农民收入。
 
  改善生活环境,扮靓美丽乡村:减少化肥、农药对水体和土壤的污染,改善河流水源质量,提高土壤肥力和产出力,改善农村生产、生活和生态环境,显现一幅生态美的新农村景象。
 
  广东减量使用化肥农药:行业有共识,上下齐发力
 
  一条条黑色的软管铺在菜地里,水闸门一开,抽水机从水池里抽水加压,水从软管上的细孔直喷而出,撒落在田间。这是记者日前在平潭四季绿蔬菜生产基地看到的一幕。这水不是普通的灌溉水,是融入了可溶性或液体肥料的水,可浸润作物根系发育成长区域,把水分、养分按比例直接供给作物。与传统施肥灌溉相比,这样的水肥一体化设施平均每亩节水60-80立方米,节约肥料16公斤,还可以增产20%,即每年每亩约可节支增收2000元。
 
  而在惠州惠东县荔龙种养专业合作社果园里,荔枝树上挂着一块块黄板,表面粘附了密密麻麻的“黑点”,一个个“路灯”矗立在旁,成为荔枝园里一道独特的风景线。理事长卢永泉告诉记者,诱杀害虫旨在降低农药施用量和施用次数。“之前果园一年用药次数较高,现在用药次数每年可减少3次左右。”
 
  据悉,广东省经过近三年的示范推广和科普教育,化肥农药的减量使用已经成为种植产业的常态。目前,减量增效、科学种植的理念被越来越多种植户所接受,测土配方施肥、水肥一体化应用、有机肥替代化肥、统防统治、绿色防控等技术日益被广泛采用。
 
  2015年以来,广东省各级农业部门围绕农业部(现农业农村部)“一控二减三基本”和化肥农药使用量零增长行动,以推广测土配方施肥、有机肥替代化肥技术为抓手,大力推进化肥减量增效,并积极开展农药监督管理、农作物病虫监测预警、农作物绿色防控和专业化统防统治等工作,2017年全省化肥使用量较2016年下降1.04%;农药使用量比过去三年的平均值减少8%,连续3年呈下降态势。广东已提前实现化肥农药零增长。
 
  浙江湖州化肥农药减半 稻鱼共养喜增收
 
  浙江湖州长兴县和平镇有一连片种植的水稻,今年的化肥和农药使用量都减少了50%,其亩均投入由之前的290元下降至100元左右。日前一核算,亩均净收益达到3375元,比传统水稻种植多了好几倍。
 
  据农技术人员介绍,该片水稻采用的是“虾稻轮作—稻鸭共养”新模式。3月初至4月上旬,放养小龙虾苗,每亩40公斤,6月中下旬开始捕捞;6月上旬水稻育苗,7月上旬移栽;7月中旬放养苗鸭10只,9月底收获鸭子;11月中旬收割晚稻,稻鸭共生期为60-70天。整个种养周期约9个月,创造了“一季小龙虾、一季水稻、一季鸭”的种养模式。
 
  农技术人员就此算了一笔精细账:单一种植晚稻“南粳46”“苏香粳100”,亩产约550公斤,出米率约70%,常规稻米售价在4.28元/公斤,加国家种粮补贴150元,合计亩均收益1800元,去除各项成本,亩均利润为400元。而采用“虾稻轮作-稻鸭共养”模式,每亩产“虾稻米”280公斤,售价12元/公斤,产值3360元;10只鸭子计产值250元;小龙虾单产110公斤、计产值4620元;加国家种粮补贴150元,合计收益8380元。去除各项成本后,亩均利润为3375元,农户增收幅度达743%,经济效益相当明显。
 
  同时,这一模式还有效保护基本农田结构,在稻田中形成新的生态循环链,减少化肥、农药施用,不仅生产了符合消费导向、市场需求的“虾稻米”、小龙虾、塘鸭等绿色农产品,生态效益也较为明显。
 
  据湖州市农业部门介绍,今年以来,该市将稻鱼综合种养作为转变农渔业发展方式的重要抓手,大力推广应用“稻-鳖”“稻-小龙虾、青虾”“稻-蟹、鳅、蛙”等综合种养模式,合计种养2.88万亩,100亩以上的种养基地35个,综合效益达到3亿元以上。水稻平均亩产500公斤左右,亩均年纯收入3000元以上,比传统的单一种植模式增收1000多元。与池塘养殖相比,示范基地饵料系数减少35%以上。
 
  本文由中国农机网整理发布,资料来源:浙江农业信息网、广东农业面源污染治理、南方网,如有侵权或异议请联系我们。
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