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500克茶叶=人工采摘60000-80000次 茶叶生产机械化迫在眉睫

2018-11-21 16:29:11 来源:中国农机网原创 作者:四夕 阅读量:46038 评论

导读:时下,立冬已有半月,正是冬茶的采制时间,这个时候气候逐渐转冷,冬茶新梢芽生产缓慢,芽叶肥壮,内含物质逐渐增加,所以滋味醇厚,香气浓烈,冬茶因此而在市场上的价格普遍高昂。

  【中国农机网 编辑视角】时下,立冬已有半月,正是冬茶的采制时间,这个时候气候逐渐转冷,冬茶新梢芽生产缓慢,芽叶肥壮,内含物质逐渐增加,所以滋味醇厚,香气浓烈,冬茶因此而在市场上的价格普遍高昂。
 
  冻顶乌龙的产地在中国台湾鹿谷附近的冻顶山,山多雾,路陡滑,茶农们采摘极为不易。事实上,很多茶叶的产地,如勐库的茶山,都在海拔较高的山区,道路蜿蜒崎岖,尤其是在雨季的时候,行走都困难,更别提采摘了,机械化采摘更是难上加难。
 
  茶叶生产大国陷入低价竞争无序化困境
 
  “茶之为饮,发乎神农氏。”我国是大的茶叶生产国、消费国,拥有悠久的饮茶历史。百度发布的《2017茶行业大数据》中显示,在中国4.7亿人有喝茶习惯,与茶相关的搜索请求每天多达15万次。我国年产茶约198万吨,在茶叶产量中占比39.4%。
 
  但是,我国虽然是茶叶生产大国,却依然是采用传统而古老的人工采茶模式。据中文互联网数据中心相关数据来源显示,每500克茶叶的芽头大约有60000-80000个,这也就意味着每500克茶叶的芽头需要人工采60000-80000次,非常耗时。
 
  如果说人工采摘不易尚还能克服的话,那么,茶叶产能过剩导致茶农赚不了钱和大量采茶工的招收困难对于茶叶市场来说就无异于雪上加霜。茶叶市场的一度辉煌导致很多地区大面积无序开发种植茶叶,市场中的茶叶参差不齐,陷入低价竞争无序化困境,不少茶农都选择丢弃茶园寻找新出路;而采茶工难招,已经是茶叶产业普遍存在的问题,而且日益严重。为此,很多茶园都采取了多开工资和提高相关待遇的方式来吸引采茶工人,劳动力缺乏加上用工成本的增加,使得单纯劳动力成本占据总成本的65%以上,茶农效益低下。
 
  在采茶工难招和采摘成本大幅上升的双重压力下,茶产业综合竞争力和可持续发展受到严重制约,实现茶园生产全面全程机械化迫在眉睫。
 
  然而......
 
  茶叶综合机械化作业水平低
 
  我国的茶园大多分布在丘陵山区,地域地形复杂多样,且种植多为散户,因此实现茶叶生产机械化、标准化有一定难度,综合机械化作业水平甚至不足10%,生产效率低下。没有适用的机械成为制约茶叶机械化发展的主要因素,大型农用机械无法在丘陵山区适用;行业内一贯重视粮食作物农用机械的研发生产,现有茶机厂多以组装为主,自主核心技术方面比较薄弱,相关机械较少;而由于茶叶本身的文化特色和地域属性,市场需求的多样性导致了茶叶机械需求的多样性,目前还尚无法满足茶农多样化、层次化需求;相关专业制造企业较少,难以形成配套能力高的产业集群,品牌效益和规模效益都比较薄弱。
 
  从另一个层面来说,饮茶本身就是一个享受过程,因为人们大多对于品质的追求会相对较高。一般来说通常把采摘的单芽、一芽一叶、一芽二叶称作名优茶,而机采出来的茶叶,大多难以达到这个要求。虽然说这几年茶厂引进了茶叶鲜叶分级机、色选机等机械,能够对茶叶进行机械自动分级,但其精细程度相比人工采摘仍有一定差距。可以说,机械采茶做便宜的普通茶可以,但是名优茶或许还是需要人工采摘,消费市场的接收程度也是茶园难以大面积推广机械化采茶的重要原因之一。
 
  如何实现茶叶生产全面全程机械化?
 
  在上个月,农业农村部在湖北省宜昌市召开全国果菜茶生产机械化现场推进会,研究部署加快推进果菜茶生产机械化工作。这是农业农村部次召开推进果菜茶生产机械化方面的工作会议,标志着我国的农业机械化生产在基本实现主要粮食作物机械化的背景下,继向丘陵山区机械化发起攻势后,又开始向果菜茶机械化生产发力。
 
  随着农机行业L型趋势的发展,部分传统农机产品在市场中逐渐趋于饱和,部分农机企业致力于寻求新的突破口和增长点,小众机型逐渐受到重视。而业内对于山区丘陵农机化发展问题也一直不乏思考和探讨,丘陵山区的农业机械化难问题进一步得以有效解决可以说也是茶叶机械化发展另一层意义上的进步。
 
  互联网、大数据、智能制造等高新技术在农机领域的不断深化应用,为茶叶全生产链中的相关农业机械发展提供了更加可靠的技术条件。同时,近几年来随着茶园区域的政治经济地位逐渐凸显,碧桂园、东原、恒大、鲁能、中铁、奥园、金科、融创、保利、财信等品牌房企相继入驻茶园,资金的注入无异于也是对茶园发展机械化的一种支持。
 
  编后语:笔者认为,机采的应用其实还是要从茶园基础培育做起。茶园标准化建设,平整的同排茶树种植地块才能更加便于机采机收。而一个适宜机采的茶园并非一朝一夕就能改造好的,同样,适用的机械也无法一蹴而就,不妨多给这个行业一些时间。
 
  虽然当前我国茶叶综合机械化作业水平较低,但随着行业内外对其的重视程度加大,越来越多的科研项目、研发平台、人才队伍、资金技术等都相继投入到这个领域当中,不少企业都选择了加强与高等院校、科研单位、技术推广部门的横向合作和联合攻关,大力研发和推广茶机新产品、新技术、新工艺和新设备,努力打造民族品牌竞争力,争取尽早实现茶叶的全面全程机械化。
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