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2024年玉米春夏季科学施肥指导意见

2024-04-03 08:34:23 来源:全国农业技术推广服务中心 阅读量:19478 评论

导读:增加有机肥施用量,推荐采用机械深施,长期秸秆大量还田地块,适当减少钾肥用量;秸秆覆盖或条耕地块,适当增加种肥中水溶性磷肥所占比例。

  【农机网 科技创新
 
  、东北冷凉春玉米区
 
  包括黑龙江省大部和吉林省东部。
 
  (一)施肥原则
 
  1、依据测土配方施肥结果,确定氮磷钾肥与中微量元素合理配比。
 
  2、依据气候和土壤肥力条件,农机农艺相结合,基肥和追肥合理分配施用,基肥调整适宜的铵硝比值。
 
  3、增施有机肥,推荐采用机械深施,有机无机配施;秸秆适量粉碎还田,长期秸秆还田地块适当减少施钾量。
 
  4、种肥适当增施磷酸二铵和增效肥料,提高玉米低温抗性。
 
  5、重视硫、锌等中微量元素施用,酸化严重土壤增施钙镁等碱性肥料。
 
  6、建议玉米和大豆带状间作、套种或者轮作,大豆种植区减少化肥施用量。
 
  7、建议生长中期进行植保飞防作业保障地上部群体质量,推荐采取适时晚收技术。
 
  (二)施肥建议
 
  1、推荐14-18-13(N-P2O5-K2O)或相近配方。
 
  2、产量水平500公斤/亩以下,施用配方肥18—23公斤/亩,七叶期追施尿素9—11公斤/亩。
 
  3、产量水平500—600公斤/亩,施用配方肥23—28公斤/亩,七叶期追施尿素11—13公斤/亩。
 
  4、产量水平600—700公斤/亩,施用配方肥28—32公斤/亩,七叶期追施尿素13—16公斤/亩。
 
  5、产量水平700公斤/亩以上,施用配方肥32—37公斤/亩,七叶期追施尿素16—18公斤/亩。
 
  二、东北半湿润春玉米区
 
  包括黑龙江省西南部、吉林省中部和辽宁省北部。
 
  (一)施肥原则
 
  1、依据测土配方施肥结果,控制氮磷钾肥施用量,重视硫、锌等中微量元素施用;氮肥分次施用,适当降低基肥用量,充分利用磷钾肥后效,基肥氮肥采用适宜铵硝比值。
 
  2、结合种肥同播、机械深施技术,科学施用缓/控释肥料,保障玉米生育中后期养分供应。
 
  3、增加有机肥施用量,推荐采用机械深施,长期秸秆大量还田地块,适当减少钾肥用量;秸秆覆盖或条耕地块,适当增加种肥中水溶性磷肥所占比例。
 
  4、施肥与高产优质栽培技术相结合,推荐应用高产耐密适宜机收品种,合理增加玉米种植密度。
 
  5、推荐采取农机导航作业技术,提高农机作业精准度,提升播种质量,保障玉米高产群体数量。
 
  6、推荐生长中后期进行植保飞防作业,保障玉米高产群体质量,推荐采取适时晚收技术。
 
  7、中高肥力土壤采用施肥方案推荐量的下限。
 
  8、玉米和大豆带状间作或者轮作,可选用缓控释配方肥,玉米选择高氮型,大豆选择低氮型,一次性施肥。
 
  (二)施肥建议
 
  1、基追结合施肥建议
 
  (1)推荐15-18-12(N-P2O5-K2O)或相近配方。
 
  (2)产量水平550公斤/亩以下,施用配方肥20—24公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素10—13公斤/亩。
 
  (3)产量水平550—700公斤/亩,施用配方肥24—31公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素13—16公斤/亩。
 
  (4)产量水平700—800公斤/亩,施用配方肥31—35公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素16—18公斤/亩。
 
  (5)产量水平800公斤/亩以上,施用配方肥35—40公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素18—21公斤/亩。
 
  2、一次性施肥建议
 
  (1)推荐29-13-10(N-P2O5-K2O)或相近配方。
 
  (2)产量水平550公斤/亩以下,施用配方肥27—33公斤/亩,作为基肥或苗期追肥一次性施用。
 
  (3)产量水平550—700公斤/亩,施用配方肥33—41公斤/亩,作为基肥或苗期追肥一次性施用。
 
  (4)产量水平700—800公斤/亩,要求施用30%释放期为50—60天的缓控释氮素,配方肥41—47公斤/亩,作为基肥或苗期追肥一次性施用。
 
  (5)产量水平800公斤/亩以上,要求施用30%释放期为50—60天的缓控释氮素,配方肥47—53公斤/亩,作为基肥或苗期追肥一次性施用。
 
  三、东北半干旱春玉米区
 
  包括吉林省西部、内蒙古自治区东北部、黑龙江省西南部。
 
  (一)施肥原则
 
  1、依据测土配方施肥结果,平衡施肥,氮磷钾肥与中微量元素合理配比。
 
  2、有机无机相结合,风沙土区域可采用秸秆覆盖(少)免耕种肥同播技术,机械化增施有机肥。
 
  3、推荐采取农机导航作业技术,提高农机作业精准度。
 
  4、氮肥深施,施肥深度8—10厘米;采用适宜铵硝比的氮肥分次施肥,在大喇叭期追施。
 
  5、根据区域土壤特点,采用生理酸性肥料,种肥宜采用磷酸一铵和增效种肥。
 
  6、采用膜下(浅埋)滴灌水肥一体化技术和增效液体肥料及水溶肥料,可适当减少底(基)肥数量,少量多次灌水施肥。
 
  7、建议膜下(浅埋)滴灌水肥一体化技术与高产优质栽培技术相结合,推荐应用高产耐密适宜机收品种,合理增加玉米种植密度。
 
  (二)施肥建议
 
  1、推荐13-20-12(N-P2O5-K2O)或相近配方。
 
  2、产量水平450公斤/亩以下,施用配方肥19—25公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素8—10公斤/亩。
 
  3、产量水平450—600公斤/亩,施用配方肥25—33公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素10—14公斤/亩。
 
  4、产量水平600—750公斤/亩以上,施用配方肥33—38公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素14—16公斤/亩。
 
  5、产量水平750公斤/亩以上,施用配方肥38—45公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素18—20公斤/亩。
 
  四、东北温暖湿润春玉米区
 
  包括辽宁省大部和河北省东北部。
 
  (一)施肥原则
 
  1、依据测土配方施肥结果,确定合理的氮磷钾肥用量。
 
  2、氮肥分次施用,尽量不采用一次性施肥,高产田适当增加钾肥施用比例和次数。
 
  3、加大秸秆还田力度,增施有机肥。
 
  4、重视硫、锌等中微量元素施用。
 
  5、肥料施用与种肥同播、增密等高产栽培技术相结合。
 
  6、中高肥力土壤采用施肥方案推荐量的低限。
 
  (二)施肥建议
 
  1、推荐17-17-12(N-P2O5-K2O)或相近配方。
 
  2、产量水平500公斤/亩以下,施用配方肥20—24公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素11—14公斤/亩。
 
  3、产量水平500—600公斤/亩,施用配方肥24—29公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素14—16公斤/亩。
 
  4、产量水平600—700公斤/亩,施用配方肥29—34公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素16—19公斤/亩。
 
  5、产量水平700公斤/亩以上,施用配方肥34—39公斤/亩,大喇叭口期追施尿素19—22公斤/亩。
 
  五、华北黄淮海夏玉米区
 
  包括北京市、天津市、河北省、山西省、山东省、河南省等。
 
  (一)施肥原则
 
  1、推荐智能配肥、机械深施、水肥一体化等技术,提高肥料利用率。
 
  2、依据测土配方施肥结果,氮磷钾与中微量元素合理配比,适当调减氮肥用量。
 
  3、依据土壤肥力条件和小麦玉米周年轮作体系,高效施用磷钾肥,充分利用前茬作物磷钾肥后效。
 
  4、结合种肥同播技术,科学施用缓控释肥料,保持玉米生育中后期养分供应平衡。
 
  5、肥料深施,与高产优质栽培技术相结合,绿色种植。
 
  6、重视硫、锌、硼等中微量元素补充。
 
  (二)施肥建议
 
  1、种肥同播一次性施肥,推荐28-6-9(N-P2O5-K2O)或相近配方。
 
  2、产量水平800公斤/亩以上,施用配方肥50—60公斤/亩,硫酸锌1—2公斤/亩。
 
  3、产量水平600—800公斤/亩,施用配方肥45—50公斤/亩,硫酸锌1—2公斤/亩。
 
  4、产量水平400—600公斤/亩,施用配方肥40—45公斤/亩,硫酸锌1—2公斤/亩。
 
  5、)产量水平400公斤/亩以下,施用配方肥30—40公斤/亩,硫酸锌1—2公斤/亩。
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