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灾害应急丨洪涝灾害对广西水稻生产影响及对策建议

2022-06-14 10:35:25 来源：广西农业农村厅 阅读量：21299 评论

导读：2022年异常天气多，虽然2月的低温冰冻天气未对广西早稻产生影响，但5月持续多雨寡照以及当前的强降雨天气，对早稻生产造成的影响更明显。

　　【农机网 热点关注】相对于旱作农作物来说，水稻虽然耐涝能力较强，但被洪水淹没仍会受到伤害。特别是近期广西连续大暴雨，导致部分稻田洪涝灾害严重。
 
　　一、针对洪涝灾害，可以采取以下应对补救措施
 
　　1.尽早排除田间积水和清除田间杂物
 
　　洪涝灾害发生后，迅速组织人力，集中排水设备，进行排水抢救，及时清理疏通排水沟渠，同时打捞漂浮物、清除田间杂物，尽量减少水稻受淹时间，减轻损失。
 
　　注意：在阴雨天可一次性将田水排干，以利于水稻恢复生长，但在高温烈日天气，不能一次性将田水排干，必须保留适当水层，使水稻逐渐恢复生长。
 
　　5~7月是南方汛期，雨水多，需要气象部门配合，加强短期天气测报的精确度，各地方政府注意气象信息，指导当地农户抢排田间积水、抢时收割、抢晴晒稻谷。
 
　　2.及时扶苗洗苗
 
　　稻田遭遇洪涝灾害后，水质浑浊，使大量泥沙或是污泥吸附在叶片上，堵塞气孔，影响水稻正常生长。
 
　　在退水露苗尖时，用竹竿来回振荡，洗去水稻茎秆和叶片上的污泥。
 
　　退水后扶正倒伏稻苗，处于分蘖期和秧苗期的稻苗可采用泼水或是喷雾器喷洗的方式洗苗，清除烂叶、黄叶，以防病害发生。
 
　　二、洪涝灾后水稻防护措施
 
　　1.科学管水
 
　　移栽稍迟或降雨较多的地方，孕穗前要根据苗情、天气加强排水和露晒田，促进根系、分蘖生长，茎秆粗壮，增强抗倒伏能力。
 
　　幼穗分化期保持田土湿润，抽穗扬花期做到有水抽穗。
 
　　对已齐穗灌浆稻田要运用干湿交替的灌溉方法，切忌断水过早，以提高结实率和千粒重，收获前5~7天宜断水，以提高早稻产量和稻米品质，并便于农机下田收割。
 
　　2.尽快追肥，增施粒肥和叶面肥
 
　　排水露田同时，结合灌浅水补追速效肥，桂北、桂中、桂南各稻作区根据水稻不同生育期因地制宜看苗追施肥，对桂北等少部分插植较晚的每亩追施尿素、氯化钾各3~5公斤作壮蘖肥。
 
　　拔节期受淹稻田，在排水后3天内补施氮肥，追施磷钾肥；
 
　　抽穗期受淹稻田，可喷施“920”促齐穗，结合喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾叶面肥或用其它叶面肥间隔7~10天进行喷施2~3次，以利于提高结实率和千粒重；
 
　　孕穗结实期受淹稻田，排水后以补喷叶面肥为宜。
 
　　3.加强病虫害防控
 
　　加强病虫害防控是灾后虫口夺粮、实现早稻丰产丰收的重要保障。受淹稻田，易发生细条病、白叶枯病、纹枯病、穗颈瘟等病害，退水后要及时：
 
　　喷施45%丙环唑水乳剂、井冈霉素、12%井冈·蜡芽菌、20%井冈·蜡枯菌间隔7~15天喷施1~3次防治纹枯病、稻瘟病等真菌性病害；
 
　　施20%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂或20%噻菌酮悬浮剂等药剂间隔7-15天喷1~2次防治细条病和白叶枯病等细菌性病害；
 
　　根据当地虫情测报及时喷施康宽、四氯虫酰胺、甲维盐等药剂间隔5~7天喷1~2次防治稻纵卷叶螟和钻心虫；
 
　　喷施烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、百靓珑等药剂间隔5~7天喷1~2次防治稻飞虱。
 
　　5月至今连续雨天寡照，利于病害发生、“两迁害虫”多次迁入，加之雨天多，施药防治效果差，虫源积累较大。因此，加强灾后病虫监测和预测预报，各地政府根据病虫测报及时指导农户喷药防治，重点防治穗颈瘟、纹枯病和“两迁”害虫，尽量做到统防统治。

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