今日要闻

保护性耕作被纳入到顶层设计,如何运用机械化手段?

2020-03-20 16:46:54 来源:农机网原创 作者:四夕 阅读量:43987 评论

导读:从国家层面制定行动计划,将东北地区推行保护性耕作上升为国家行动,保护性耕作真正被纳入到顶层设计制定中。在上期文章《春耕备耕热潮到来,保护性耕作这一可持续农业技术蔚然成风》中我们简单介绍了保护性耕作这一可持续农业技术,今天我们继续来谈谈其机械化发展方向。

  【农机网 编辑视角】当前,东北黑土地保护性耕作被提升到国家农业战略层面,黑龙江省将保护性耕作重点放在解决机械化秸秆还田耕种上,在全省快速形成保护性耕作技术推广势头。《东北黑土地保护性耕作国家行动计划(2020—2025年)》更是提出力争到2025年,保护性耕作实施面积达到1.4亿亩,占东北地区适宜区域耕地总面积的70%左右,形成较为完善的保护性耕作政策支持体系、技术装备体系和推广应用体系。
 
  从国家层面制定行动计划,将东北地区推行保护性耕作上升为国家行动,保护性耕作真正被纳入到顶层设计制定中。在上期文章《春耕备耕热潮到来,保护性耕作这一可持续农业技术蔚然成风》中我们简单介绍了保护性耕作这一可持续农业技术,今天我们继续来谈谈其机械化发展方向。
 
  保护性耕作的核心技术包括少耕、免耕、缓坡地等高耕作、沟垄耕作、残茬覆盖耕作、秸秆覆盖等农田土壤表面耕作技术及其配套的专用机具,因此,如何运用机械化手段解决东北黑土地保护问题正是我们所值得思考的。
 
  “不管黑猫白猫,能捉老鼠的就是好猫。”
 
  “不管黑猫白猫,能捉老鼠的就是好猫。”农业机械同样如此,机械没有好恶,终使用结果如何决定权还是捏在我们人类手上。
 
  随着农业机械作业逐渐普及,大量农业机械设备在田间地头出现,对农田土壤的碾压难免造成土壤形成机械性压实,直接导致土壤自身密度增加、空隙减少、整体结构发生改变,严重的还会导致土壤自身养分的成效降低,不利于农作物生长。而一些达到报废标准却仍在使用的农业机械存在农用油料“泄露、跑、散”的问题,其燃烧后超标准废气的排放,均会对水源和土壤环境造成污染。
 
  以集成秸秆还田覆盖、少免耕精量播种、高效植保和深松等技术为核心的保护性耕作机械却恰恰相反。
 
  它们在一定程度上减少了对土壤的耕作次数或耕作面积,避免了大面积翻耕、旋耕后土壤水分散发和风蚀的发生,降低了土壤侵蚀;而作物根茬、秸秆以及绿色植被覆盖又能有效地减少地表裸露,降低土壤水分蒸发和水土流失,提高土壤蓄水保墒能力同时改善土壤结构;秸秆、残茬覆盖及配套水肥调控技术,能够及时减少传统农业在处理作物秸秆时采用焚烧的办法造成的大气污染,同时也减少火灾的发生,降低化肥、农药用量过大对地下水和土壤的污染。
 
  保护性耕作工艺体系:抗旱增收和保水保土
 
  我们此前就曾谈到过保护性耕作是通过少耕、免耕、地表微地形改造技术及地表覆盖、合理种植等综合配套措施,从而减少农田土壤侵蚀,保护农田生态环境,并获得生态效益、经济效益及社会效益协调发展。其在蓄水保墒、培肥地力、节本增效、减少农田土壤侵蚀和保护生态环境等方面具有显著成效,因此,保护性耕作工艺体系的制订也要以实现抗旱增收和保水保土为目标,以秸秆根茬覆盖、免耕播种为核心。
 
  在上期文章发布后,有网友留言:“犁翻易打破土壤犁底层,还容易改变田园表面平整度,反而增加了耕作次数,催生了耕作成本,偏离科学合理选择。”那么,打破土壤犁底层到底是利是弊呢?
 
  据介绍,农田犁底层一般在土壤表层以下20至25厘米处,层厚6至12厘米。对耕作土壤来说,具有不太厚的犁底层对保持养分,保存水分还是非常有益的。但是由于长年施用化肥农药,多数农田土层板结坚硬致使犁底层过厚且坚实,不仅严重影响到土壤透水、透气性能,对物质的转移和能量的传递、作物根系下伸都非常不利。因此,才需要深松整地机械打破坚硬的犁底层,增加耕作层厚度,提高土壤通透性,从而增强土壤蓄水保墒和抗旱防涝能力。
 
  值得注意的是,保护性耕作还需要尽可能地减少机械作业,而深松整地联合作业机可一次能完成灭茬、深松、碎土及镇压等联合作业。此外,为减少对土壤的耕翻作业,休闲期,应当尽量减少动土,好免耕;播种期,选用适用的免耕播种机则是保护性耕作技术示范推广的重要一环。作物收获后,还需要注意留根茬及秸秆还田覆盖,以根茬固土,秸秆覆盖能够减少风蚀和土壤水分的蒸发。
 
  小结:只有当我们了解了保护性耕作工艺体系的制订原则,才能够选用更加合适的农业机械,运用机械化手段解决土地保护问题。
 
  那么,有哪些利器能够有效减轻土壤风蚀水蚀、增加土壤肥力和保墒抗旱能力、提高农业生态和经济效益呢?秸秆粉碎还田机、免耕播种机、深松整地联合作业机……详情请继续关注农机网。
我要评论
文明上网,理性发言。(您还可以输入200个字符)

所有评论仅代表网友意见,与本站立场无关。

产品推荐 更多

[{"ID":"2753107","Picture":"5646a23e59c232714f72cd2b80595019249ee2a1a646dcba8ab1a61a998cbdd2a92f08d7d02c28d4.jpg","PictureDomain":"img54","Name":"金属材料水平渗透仪特点","Type":"","Descrip":"[土工合成材料水平渗透仪]参数根据 GB/T17633-1998、SL/T235-2012、 ISO/FDISI2958-98E《土工织物及其相关产品沿织物平面输水能力的测定土工布及其有关产品平面内水流量》的国家标准研发设计。","CompanyName":"沧州华瑞仪器设备有限公司","CompanyID":"129098","MarketPrice":"0","PsOrder":"0","PgID":"110","MaxOrder":"0","CityID":"13","City":"沧州市","Address":"沧州市","PropertysValue":"","HitNumber":"109","FrontShow":"0","IsCharges":"1","Year":"1","StarNum":"1","UpdateAndClientSort":"51171113","StandUrl":"/st129098","UpdateTime":"2024/3/28 17:13:00","TodayIsUpdate":"1","AttType":"0","AttState":"3","AttAddType":"3","IsSeoCreate":"0","IsOnlinePay":"0","MinPrice":"0.00","MaxPrice":"0.00","ClassID":"21002","productonlinetime":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","OnLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","DownLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","BrandPicDomin":"","BrandPicName":"","BrandProperty":"","PBrandID":"0","IsHadVideo":"0","VideoTime":"0","ShowPrice":"0.00","IndustrySort":"1020000","HasPicSort":"102753107","UserID":"142087","PriceType":"0","PictureID":"1685100","CompanyTypeID":"5","Tag":"","LinkMan":"李世粉","TelPhone":"13303065213","ClassName":"其他","ComProduct":"沥青软化点,沥青针入度,沥青低温延伸度测定仪,马歇尔稳定度测定仪,马歇尔计实仪,混凝土取芯机,沥青粘度计","BrandNameCH":"","IsShow":"1","MarketPrice2":"0","RetailPrice":"0","ComHitnumber":"19222","MarketUpdateTime":"","CreateTime":"2023/5/25 19:22:55","Flag":"1","PackageName":"营销宝会员","ClientSort":"0","CsName":"","Reprint":"2","FeedBackMsg":"","EnUrl":"","MobilePhone":"13303065213"},{"ID":"2727432","Picture":"00450ea57bc9bc7d6b6c995d4852509318aecd94f41a92c909ede62c68209de6b8bff0301c11cca9.jpg","PictureDomain":"img69","Name":"销售热球式风速风量仪价格","Type":"DPF-M","Descrip":"热球式风速风量仪气调节、环境保护、节能监测、气象、农业、冷藏、干燥、劳动卫生调查等各方面有广泛用途。","CompanyName":"上海亿欧仪表设备有限公司","CompanyID":"129207","MarketPrice":"0","PsOrder":"0","PgID":"110","MaxOrder":"0","CityID":"394","City":"上海","Address":"上海","PropertysValue":"","HitNumber":"89","FrontShow":"0","IsCharges":"1","Year":"1","StarNum":"1","UpdateAndClientSort":"51171112","StandUrl":"/st129207","UpdateTime":"2024/3/28 17:12:27","TodayIsUpdate":"1","AttType":"0","AttState":"3","AttAddType":"3","IsSeoCreate":"0","IsOnlinePay":"0","MinPrice":"0.00","MaxPrice":"0.00","ClassID":"21002","productonlinetime":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","OnLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","DownLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","BrandPicDomin":"","BrandPicName":"","BrandProperty":"","PBrandID":"0","IsHadVideo":"0","VideoTime":"0","ShowPrice":"0.00","IndustrySort":"1020000","HasPicSort":"102727432","UserID":"142196","PriceType":"0","PictureID":"1680573","CompanyTypeID":"5","Tag":"","LinkMan":"罗云燕","TelPhone":"021-65861439","ClassName":"其他","ComProduct":"U形倾斜式压差计,L型皮托管,S型靠背管,补偿式微压计,智能风速风压风量仪,数字微压计,负离子检测仪,大气压力表等等","BrandNameCH":"","IsShow":"1","MarketPrice2":"0","RetailPrice":"0","ComHitnumber":"16667","MarketUpdateTime":"","CreateTime":"2017/4/27 17:20:23","Flag":"1","PackageName":"营销宝会员","ClientSort":"0","CsName":"","Reprint":"2","FeedBackMsg":"","EnUrl":"","MobilePhone":"13381831212"},{"ID":"2961414","Picture":"74a34d6b99a3c732bd6804000ffa830c94597f78c2237425438b319d8f9c884c63c4fdf98420fe02.jpg","PictureDomain":"img42","Name":"供应加热制冷循环器生产厂家","Type":"GMD","Descrip":"加热制冷循环器生产厂家,加热制冷循环器制造商家,可实现高温200℃,低温-40℃恒温测试,为用户提供热冷受控,温度均匀恒定的场源,用于石油化工、制药等化学反应工艺过程控制,对反应釜、全自动合成仪器、萃取以及冷凝装置的恒温控温或外循环应用。","CompanyName":"苏州吉米诺仪器有限公司","CompanyID":"130697","MarketPrice":"0","PsOrder":"0","PgID":"110","MaxOrder":"0","CityID":"90","City":"苏州市","Address":"苏州市","PropertysValue":"","HitNumber":"15","FrontShow":"0","IsCharges":"1","Year":"1","StarNum":"1","UpdateAndClientSort":"51171103","StandUrl":"/st130697","UpdateTime":"2024/3/28 17:03:43","TodayIsUpdate":"1","AttType":"0","AttState":"3","AttAddType":"3","IsSeoCreate":"0","IsOnlinePay":"0","MinPrice":"0.00","MaxPrice":"0.00","ClassID":"21002","productonlinetime":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","OnLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","DownLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","BrandPicDomin":"","BrandPicName":"","BrandProperty":"","PBrandID":"0","IsHadVideo":"0","VideoTime":"0","ShowPrice":"0.00","IndustrySort":"1020000","HasPicSort":"102961414","UserID":"143686","PriceType":"0","PictureID":"1756064","CompanyTypeID":"5","Tag":"","LinkMan":"销售部","TelPhone":"0512-65382569","ClassName":"其他","ComProduct":"低温恒温循环槽,低温恒温槽,低温恒温水槽,低温恒温液浴槽,加热制冷循环器,加热制冷恒温槽,低温冷却液循环泵,高低温恒温槽,冷却水循环机,循环水冷却器","BrandNameCH":"","IsShow":"1","MarketPrice2":"0","RetailPrice":"0","ComHitnumber":"8324","MarketUpdateTime":"","CreateTime":"2024/3/28 17:03:43","Flag":"1","PackageName":"营销宝会员","ClientSort":"0","CsName":"","Reprint":"2","FeedBackMsg":"","EnUrl":"","MobilePhone":"18118106852"},{"ID":"2961410","Picture":"74a34d6b99a3c732d7234b73b32287e64c252cb56512810a1b6325b47cdbe89639dab8992f7ee57f.jpg","PictureDomain":"img60","Name":"热解吸仪厂家","Type":"AutoTDS-VPro","Descrip":"AutoTDS-VPro型全自动热解吸仪是一款带分流功能的24位低温二次全自动热解吸仪,可存储多个运行方法。气路采用电动六通阀和电磁阀相结合,可以编程自动完成24支吸附管的干吹(去除采样管中的氧气和水气)、一次解吸低温富集(可选择是否分流)、二次解吸、进样和反吹五个过程,一次解吸温度、二次解吸温度、冷阱温度和管路加热温度可以独立设置,并且在进样时输出同步信号,可以同时启动色谱和工作站。","CompanyName":"北京踏实德研仪器有限公司","CompanyID":"135494","MarketPrice":"0","PsOrder":"0","PgID":"110","MaxOrder":"0","CityID":"1","City":"北京市","Address":"北京市","PropertysValue":"","HitNumber":"21","FrontShow":"0","IsCharges":"1","Year":"1","StarNum":"1","UpdateAndClientSort":"51171102","StandUrl":"/st135494","UpdateTime":"2024/3/28 17:02:52","TodayIsUpdate":"1","AttType":"0","AttState":"3","AttAddType":"3","IsSeoCreate":"0","IsOnlinePay":"0","MinPrice":"0.00","MaxPrice":"0.00","ClassID":"21002","productonlinetime":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","OnLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","DownLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","BrandPicDomin":"","BrandPicName":"","BrandProperty":"","PBrandID":"0","IsHadVideo":"0","VideoTime":"0","ShowPrice":"0.00","IndustrySort":"1020000","HasPicSort":"102961410","UserID":"148484","PriceType":"0","PictureID":"1836240","CompanyTypeID":"5","Tag":"","LinkMan":"陶女士","TelPhone":"86-010-62493193","ClassName":"其他","ComProduct":"热解吸仪,吹扫捕集仪,顶空进样器,活化仪","BrandNameCH":"","IsShow":"1","MarketPrice2":"0","RetailPrice":"0","ComHitnumber":"364","MarketUpdateTime":"","CreateTime":"2024/3/28 17:02:52","Flag":"1","PackageName":"营销宝会员","ClientSort":"0","CsName":"","Reprint":"2","FeedBackMsg":"","EnUrl":"","MobilePhone":""},{"ID":"2879522","Picture":"74a34d6b99a3c7328073192fe75bf6011884cf3347ba5bb806b18e069139ba34a8697486d24480a9.png","PictureDomain":"img48","Name":"自动泄气压力控制器","Type":"ACU20PC-LH","Descrip":"单阀/双阀电子压力控制器EPC/压力计:-- 直通式设计,测量及控压范围从10Pa 到 20MPA(绝压和表压皆可)。-- 精确度高、重复性好,分为前压控制和背压控制,以及密闭容器控压三种。-- 标配一个压电膜片式压力传感器和数字电路板,提供高精度、稳定、可靠的压力测量和控制。该数字PC具有测量和控制所需的所有基本功能。-- 除了配备标准的RS485输出信号,还提供模拟I/O信号。","CompanyName":"北京精量科技有限公司","CompanyID":"133070","MarketPrice":"0","PsOrder":"0","PgID":"110","MaxOrder":"0","CityID":"1","City":"北京市","Address":"北京市","PropertysValue":"","HitNumber":"43","FrontShow":"0","IsCharges":"1","Year":"1","StarNum":"1","UpdateAndClientSort":"51171101","StandUrl":"/st133070","UpdateTime":"2024/3/28 17:01:35","TodayIsUpdate":"1","AttType":"0","AttState":"3","AttAddType":"3","IsSeoCreate":"0","IsOnlinePay":"0","MinPrice":"0.00","MaxPrice":"0.00","ClassID":"21002","productonlinetime":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","OnLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","DownLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","BrandPicDomin":"","BrandPicName":"","BrandProperty":"","PBrandID":"0","IsHadVideo":"0","VideoTime":"0","ShowPrice":"0.00","IndustrySort":"1020000","HasPicSort":"102879522","UserID":"146059","PriceType":"0","PictureID":"1791715","CompanyTypeID":"5","Tag":"","LinkMan":"李经理","TelPhone":"","ClassName":"其他","ComProduct":"液体、气体质量流量计;液体、气体质量流量控制器 MFC;科里奥利(科氏)流量计/流量控制器;单阀/双阀压力控制器","BrandNameCH":"","IsShow":"1","MarketPrice2":"0","RetailPrice":"0","ComHitnumber":"4643","MarketUpdateTime":"","CreateTime":"2023/12/29 0:21:05","Flag":"1","PackageName":"营销宝会员","ClientSort":"0","CsName":"","Reprint":"2","FeedBackMsg":"","EnUrl":"","MobilePhone":"15010116300"},{"ID":"2718810","Picture":"5646a23e59c232710827ed456be7b28d3b9ffe5b39e07af22da9a70e711aa4edcd845605bff35250.jpg","PictureDomain":"img80","Name":"销售气体密度表","Type":"MKZ,ZMJ,YSDQ,MJJ","Descrip":"F6密度继电器、六氟化硫继密度控制器,WIKA威卡六氟化硫密度继电器、ABB六氟化硫密度继电器、YS、YSDQ六氟化硫断路器、HUAWEI六氟化硫断路器、SSS六氟化硫密度继电器、CRET六氟化硫断路器、西门子六氟化硫气体密度继电器、西安高开六氟化硫密度继电器、六氟化硫密度表、六氟化硫继电器、六氟化硫压力表、六氟化硫SF6控制器!六氟化硫气体密度表继电器、断路器六氟化硫继电器、SF6表计","CompanyName":"西安自动化仪表一厂","CompanyID":"128927","MarketPrice":"0","PsOrder":"0","PgID":"110","MaxOrder":"0","CityID":"320","City":"西安市","Address":"西安市","PropertysValue":"","HitNumber":"566","FrontShow":"0","IsCharges":"1","Year":"1","StarNum":"1","UpdateAndClientSort":"51171099","StandUrl":"/st128927","UpdateTime":"2024/3/28 16:59:09","TodayIsUpdate":"1","AttType":"0","AttState":"3","AttAddType":"0","IsSeoCreate":"0","IsOnlinePay":"0","MinPrice":"0.00","MaxPrice":"0.00","ClassID":"21002","productonlinetime":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","OnLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","DownLineDate":"1900/1/1 0:00:00","BrandPicDomin":"","BrandPicName":"","BrandProperty":"","PBrandID":"0","IsHadVideo":"0","VideoTime":"0","ShowPrice":"0.00","IndustrySort":"1020000","HasPicSort":"102718810","UserID":"141916","PriceType":"0","PictureID":"1670360","CompanyTypeID":"5","Tag":"","LinkMan":"王平","TelPhone":"029-68889963","ClassName":"其他","ComProduct":"精密压力表,不锈钢压力表,隔膜压力表,双金属温度计,热电阻,热电偶,数字压力表,精密,活塞压力计","BrandNameCH":"","IsShow":"1","MarketPrice2":"0","RetailPrice":"0","ComHitnumber":"21043","MarketUpdateTime":"","CreateTime":"2017/10/23 13:54:11","Flag":"1","PackageName":"营销宝会员","ClientSort":"0","CsName":"","Reprint":"2","FeedBackMsg":"","EnUrl":"","MobilePhone":"13991900175"}]