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数据图表:解读70年来我国农业生产及机械化发展状况

2019-12-28 17:14:41 来源:农机网原创 作者:四夕 阅读量:56434 评论

导读:70年来,我国农业农村面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化,农业生产持续发展,农村经济全面繁荣,农民生活得到显著改善。下文,农机网整理了相关数据带你解读70年来我国农业生产及机械化发展状况。

  【农机网 编辑视角】70年来,我国农业农村面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化,农业生产持续发展,农村经济全面繁荣,农民生活得到显著改善。下文,农机网整理了相关数据带你解读70年来我国农业生产及机械化发展状况。
 
  粮食综合生产
 
  1949-2018年,全国粮食生产总量从2264多亿斤提高到13158亿斤,增长了4.8倍。可以说我国用9%左右的耕地养活了20%的人口,粮食生产实现了多级跨越。而2019年全国粮食总产量66384万吨(13277亿斤),比2018年增加594万吨(119亿斤),增长0.9%,创历史新高。
 
  事实上,2019年全国粮食播种面积却比2018年减少了975千公顷(1462万亩),下降0.8%。在此基础上,我国积极主动抓好粮食生产,推动“藏粮于地、藏粮于技”政策的落实落地,稳步推进耕地轮作休耕试点工作,调减低质低效作物种植,扩大大豆、杂粮等优质高效作物种植规模,提高粮食单产水平。
 
  经济作物供应
 
  2018年,全国棉花总产达610万吨,油料总产达3433万吨,糖料总产达11937万吨,分别比1949年增长12.7倍、12.4倍、41.1倍;水果、蔬菜产量稳步增长,水果总产量达2.57亿吨,较1949年增长213.1倍;蔬菜总产量也增至7.03亿吨,较1995年增长了4.46亿吨。
 
  在肉蛋奶供应上,截至2018年,肉类总量增加到8625万吨,蛋类产量增至3128万吨,牛奶增加到3075万吨,分别较1949年增长38.2倍、68.8倍、152.7倍。水产品生产截至2018年全国水产品产量达6458万吨,较1949年增长142.5倍,年均增长7.6%。
 
  农产品生产结构
 
  深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革,在保障粮食生产能力不降低的同时,我国还在因地制宜发展经济作物,进一步优化调整农产品结构。经过70年的发展,我国农业实现了由单一以种植业为主的传统农业向农林牧渔业全面发展的现代农业转变,农业发展由增产导向转变为提质导向。
 
  2018年农林牧渔业总产值达113579.53亿元,较1952年增长245.4倍。农业总产值在农林牧渔业总产值中所占比重由1952年的85.89%下降到2018年的54.11%;林业、畜牧业、渔业总产值则以年均10%以上高速增长,截至2018年林牧渔产值所占总比重由1952年的14.11%上升到40.73%。
 
  机械化耕种水平
 
  2018年,拖拉机、联合收割机数量分别较1949年增长19.1万倍和15.8万倍;农机总动力达到10.04亿千瓦,比1949年增长1.24万倍;全国农作物耕种收综合机械化率增至69.1%,比1978年提高了49.44个百分点,小麦生产基本实现全程机械化,玉米、水稻耕种收综合机械化率超过80%。
 
  我国已成为世界上重要的农机生产大国和使用大国,农业生产方式实现了从主要依靠人力畜力到主要依靠机械动力的历史性转变。当前,农机行业进入了深度调整期,对农业机械化提出了新的更高要求,推动农机装备产业向高质量发展转型,推动农业机械化向全程全面高质高效升级:农业机械化发展领域全面拓展,即,从粮食作物机械化向经济作物拓展;从种植业机械化向畜牧养殖业、水产养殖业、设施农业、农产品初加工业机械化延伸;从平原地区机械化向丘陵山区机械化进军。
 
  农田基础设施
 
  农田灌溉排水条件明显改善,到2018年全国有效灌溉面积由1952年的2.99亿亩增加到10.24亿亩,增长了2.4倍,其中节水灌溉面积达到5.42亿亩。同时,我国采取水利、农业和科技等综合配套措施,集中对中低产田进行改造,至2018年,高标准农田累计建成6.4亿亩,约超过全国耕地面积的30%。
 
  近年来,我国一直通过农业综合开发、土地整治工作专项等资金支持高标准农田建设,改善农业生产基本条件,提高耕地质量。2019年,财政部会同农业农村部整合农业综合开发专项资金、土地整治工作专项资金和水利发展资金中用于农田水利建设部分,设立农田建设补助资金,用于支持高标准农田及农田水利建设。同时,利用中央预算内投资支持高标准农田建设,资金支持范围包括土地平整、土壤改良、灌溉排水与节水设施、田间道路、农田防护与生态环境保护以及农田输配电等。
 
  农业设施化水平
 
  我国设施农业蓬勃发展,相关设施农业技术逐渐成熟,设施农业面积迅速扩大,2001-2018年,温室面积从60.77万公顷增至196.37万公顷,增长了2.2倍。经过10多年的发展,我国的温室面积占世界比重超过80%,设施农业已经成为现代农业发展的重要驱动力,成为发展现代农业、促进农民增收、繁荣农村经济的重要经济产业。
 
  在日前浙江湖州举办的全国设施农业机械化推进会上提出,要着力推进农机装备与种养工艺、工程设施融合发展,加快提升设施栽培、养殖机械化水平,到2025年机械化率达到50%以上,推动设施农业高质量发展。
 
  小结:70年波澜壮阔,我国农业生产及机械化发展也有了翻天覆地的变化,这些变化是无数人为之奋斗的结果,而农业农机领域则是其缩影。未来,强大的人才优势、完善的激励机制、不断加码的研发投入,我国必将探索出一条从人才强、科技强到产业强、经济强、国家强的创新发展新路径。而今,未来已来。
 
  文中数据均来自农业农村部及国家统计局。
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