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广西印发《水稻精量机械穴直播生产技术规程(试行)》

2019-12-12 14:53:27 来源:农机网整理发布 阅读量:42848 评论

导读: 水稻精量机械穴直播技术作为一项轻简化栽培技术,具有省工省力、分蘖早、低位分蘖多、成熟期提早、降低生产成本、有利于规模化生产、经济效益显著等特点。

  【农机网 科技创新】 水稻精量机械穴直播技术(以下简称机直播)作为一项轻简化栽培技术,具有省工省力、分蘖早、低位分蘖多、成熟期提早、降低生产成本、有利于规模化生产、经济效益显著等特点。为加快机直播的试验研究和示范推广,推动广西水稻农机农艺融合和全程机械化生产发展,近日,广西壮族自治区农业机械化服务中心印发了《《水稻精量机械穴直播生产技术规程(试行)》》(以下简称《技术规范》)。《技术规范》对水稻精量穴直播生产技术作了详细介绍:
 
  一、技术流程
 

  二、技术要点
 
  (一)品种选择
 
  选用生育期适宜、优质、高产、多抗、适宜机直播并通过审定的品种,种子质量应符合GB4404.1要求。
 
  (二)发芽试验
 
  播种前应进行种子发芽试验,其目的是掌握谷种的发芽率,以便确定播种量。一般要求发芽率应在90%以上。
 
  (三)种子处理
 
  每亩大田用种量:杂交稻1.5kg~2kg,常规稻2kg~3kg。播种前需进行晒种、选种、药剂浸种、催芽等技术处理。
 
  1.晒种。谷种浸水前应在阳光下晒4~5个小时,其作用是激活种子胚胎细胞,提高发芽率。
 
  2.选种。用低风量扬去空瘪谷粒,然后浸入清水搅动5分钟后,捞出浮在水面上的空瘪谷粒,沉在水底下的比较饱满的谷粒即可作为谷种。
 
  3.消毒。选用“咪鲜胺”、 “使白克”或“施保克”(2ml)加“吡虫啉”10 g兑水6kg~7kg浸种12小时, 消毒后清水洗净,防控立枯病、稻瘟病、白枯病等病害。
 
  4.浸种。早稻室温清水浸种12~24小时,晚稻清水浸种12小时左右,确保种子吸足水分,此时谷壳透明,可见白色胚部,谷粒容易折断而无响声。浸泡过程中,每隔6个小时将谷种捞起清洗一次,并在空气中停留半个小时左右,使谷种充分吸收氧气。
 
  5.催芽。浸种后将种子置于35℃催芽室或温箱内12小时,种子破胸露白,清洗干净。
 
  6.晾种。在谷种破胸后,放在室内摊晾1~2小时,种子达到内湿外干不沾手即可。
 
  7.包衣。用具有防鼠防鸟功能的药剂将晾干的种子进行搅拌或滚动包衣。如用水剂搅拌的,要晾干至手抓放开不沾手为宜。
 
  (四)田块整理
 
  水直播田尽量选择排灌方便的田块,田面高差不得大于3cm,田块四周应开排水沟。绿肥、稻茬和田间杂草应被覆盖。播种前须落干田水,沉淀1至2天,田面无积水。
 
  旱直播田要求田面平整、土壤细碎,田间开好畦沟,水源有保障,便于直播后及时灌水。
 
  (五)精量播种
 
  1.机具准备
 
  应根据田块大小、种植规模、是否集中连片等选择相匹配的直播机。播种前应先检查调试机具,调整好行距、排种量。转动部件要加注润滑油,并进行5~10 分钟的空运转,保证各运行部件转动灵活,无碰撞卡滞现象,能正常工作。
 
  2.播种密度
 
  应根据水稻品种特性确定合理的行距、穴距和每穴种子粒数,保证大田适宜的播种量和基本苗。
 
  (1)常规稻,行距25cm~30cm,穴距12cm~14cm,每穴5粒~7粒。
 
  (2)杂交稻,行距25cm~30cm,穴距14cm~17cm,每穴3粒~5粒。
 
  3.作业质量
 
  (1)漏播率≤5%。漏播是指机直播后播穴内无稻种,漏播率是指采用对角线取样法选取的测区内,漏插穴数总和与测定总穴数的比值。
 
  (2)播后均匀度合格率≥85%。播后均匀度是各播穴内稻种数与其平均稻种数的接近程度,播后均匀度合格率是指采用对角线取样法选取的测区内,合格穴数与测定总穴数的比值。
 
  (六)防鸟防鼠
 
  1.鸟害防治
 
  采用种子包衣、防虫隔离网、驱鸟设施等综合措施防治鸟类为害,避免缺苗。
 
  2.鼠害防治
 
  播种前3天,在稻田周围投放两种以上的鼠药,并在老鼠经常出没的地方安装鼠夹、鼠笼或其他有效的捕鼠装置。播种后加强田间检查,发现鼠害后补投防鼠药物和捕鼠装置。
 
  (七)草害防治
 
  1.机具选择
 
  应根据草害情况、作业规模、除草剂品种、施药量和施药方式,合理选用植保机械
 
  (1)集中连片、规模种植稻区可采用植保无人机或大型喷杆式植保机械。
 
  (2)分散稻区可采用背负式、车载式、担架式及喷杆式植保机械。
 
  2.防治方法
 
  机播后1~2天内喷施芽前除草剂封闭杂草,喷药后5天内保持土壤表面湿润;禾苗长到3至4片叶时,喷施一次苗期除草剂,进行二次除草,喷施后2~3天灌水促苗。
 
  (八)田间管理
 
  1.合理施肥
 
  应采取测土配方施肥,根据目标产量和土壤养分状况合理配施氮磷钾肥,有机肥应占施肥总量的30 %以上。幼穗分化前期注意追施穗肥。
 
  2.水分管理
 
  播种后至一叶一针前土壤保持湿润;分蘖期应以浅水为主;够苗后应晒田,可多次轻晒;幼穗分化至抽穗扬花期应灌回浅水,灌浆结实期干湿交替。
 
  3.病虫害防治
 
  根据病虫发生种类和为害程度,选择对口的农药品种及施药量进行科学防治。
 
  (九)成熟收获
 
  水稻成熟后及时收割。
 
  此外,《技术规范》还作了以下要求:
 
  直播田块耕整深度应均匀一致,田块平整,田面高差不大于3cm;
 
  双季稻区应考虑当地气候特点和茬口衔接等情况选择生育期适宜的品种,做到早稻与晚稻品种生育期合理搭配,有效避过早稻前期低温危害和晚稻后期寒露风危害。同一块稻田双季直播时,应注意落田谷对晚稻产量的影响;
 
  机播作业前,须对种子进行包衣处理,避免鸟害、鼠害引发的缺苗。谷种催芽到破胸露白即可,带芽的谷种不能用直播机进行播种,否则引起伤芽;
 
  根据田块形状,确定合理的作业路线,防止出现重播和漏播现象;
 
  密切注意天气情况,尽量避免播种后4天内出现中雨以上强度的降雨;播后逢大雨,应立即上水护谷,雨后排水晾谷。
 
  安全方面,应注意以下要求:
 
  操作人员应经专业的系统培训,操作前应认真阅读使用说明书,做好各项检查并观察周围环境,确认安全后方可开机;
 
  作业机具田头转弯、田间转移、过田埂时应提升悬挂机具到高位置,机具左右倾斜度要求≤10°,确保机具安全作业;
 
  植保机械应按章操作,作业时应避免在降雨、大风和气温超过32℃等气象条件下进行喷洒农药作业,防止出现药害和中毒事故;
 
  本文由农机网整理发布,资料来源:广西壮族自治区农业机械化服务中心,如有侵权或异议请联系我们。
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