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2019年棉花生产后期管理技术指导意见

2019-09-17 08:38:44 来源:农业农村部新闻办公室 阅读量:12765 评论

导读:当前,我国棉花陆续进入吐絮成熟期,为加强棉区后期田间管理指导,推动棉花生产提质增效,全国农业技术推广服务中心会同农业农村部棉花专家指导组,根据不同棉区当前棉花长势与气候特点以及不同的栽培种植模式,提出以下技术指导意见。

  【农机网 通知公告】 农业农村部棉花专家指导组  全国农业技术推广服务中心
 
  当前,我国棉花陆续进入吐絮成熟期,为加强棉区后期田间管理指导,推动棉花生产提质增效,全国农业技术推广服务中心会同农业农村部棉花专家指导组,根据不同棉区当前棉花长势与气候特点以及不同的栽培种植模式,提出以下技术指导意见。
 
  一、一季春播棉田
 
  (一)田间管理。早衰棉田后期容易出现二次生长,应及时摘除新生赘芽。晚茬与旺长棉田提倡去除空枝、老叶,防止田间郁蔽。对于轻度倒伏的棉田可推株并垄,改善田间通风透光条件。同时,及时清除高大杂草和菟丝子等恶性杂草。
 
  (二)叶面喷肥。对受淹或渍涝影响以及有早衰迹象的棉田,可采用叶面喷肥,用商品叶面肥或3%的尿素溶液加0.5%磷酸二氢钾溶液,每隔5~7天喷一次,连喷2~3次。需要脱叶催熟和机械采收的棉田勿要叶面喷肥。叶面喷肥时间应选择阴天或傍晚进行,以防“烧叶”。为减少用工,叶片喷肥可与喷洒化学农药结合进行。
 
  (三)防治害虫。加大对棉田灰飞虱、棉盲蝽、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾等虫害的防治力度,做好统防统治,减小因棉株徒长或贪青晚熟等因素造成的棉田大规模病虫害发生几率。
 
  (四)新疆棉区。一是加强以促早熟为主的肥水化控管理,打顶后通过化控塑造棉田合理产量结构和群体冠层结构,防止棉田徒长郁闭;二是加强防灾减害综合管理,重点做好棉铃虫、棉盲蝽、红蜘蛛及铃病防治,加强后期防灾工作,特别是雹灾、雨灾等灾害性天气;三是加强脱叶催熟管理,根据棉花吐絮率和气候条件,适时喷施脱叶催熟剂;四是加强采收管理,机采棉田采收前清除田间杂物、残膜、滴灌管件,棉田脱叶率≥93%、吐絮率≥95%时进行采收,手采棉田要杜绝“三丝”混入或混等混级。
 
  二、育苗移栽棉田
 
  (一)及时化控。迟发晚熟棉田,当多数棉铃达到铃期70%~80%(即45天以上),且连续3~5天日高温度在20℃以上(一般在10月中旬左右)时,应及时催熟处理,用40%乙烯利水剂200毫升/亩,对水40~50公斤/亩进行喷雾,使棉株上下部叶片均匀着药。
 
  (二)防治病虫。通过增施钾肥、排涝降渍、施叶面肥等措施,预防“两萎病”发生;对于发病且病情较重的棉田,可采用药剂灌根、拔除病株等措施。增强田间通风透光、排水降渍,防止烂铃。吐絮时期发生的铃病容易引起烂铃,可用200倍的波尔多液或50%代森锌可湿性粉剂600倍液喷洒,每隔l0~15天喷1次,连续3~4次。要重点防治斜纹夜蛾和烟粉虱,成虫发生期用性诱剂诱杀;幼虫发生期可用核型多角体病毒杀虫剂等生物药剂进行防治,且佳防治期宜选择在尚未分散为害的2龄幼虫期,进行低容量喷雾,除了植株上要均匀着药以外,植株根际附近地面也要喷透,以防滚落地面的幼虫漏治。烟粉虱虫量大发生(≧3头/平方厘米)时,用50%烯啶虫胺可溶粒剂15000倍液喷雾。
 
  (三)减灾采收。密切关注台风等气象灾害影响,积极采取防灾减灾技术措施。台风暴雨后要及时排涝降渍、扶理棉株并适当培土固根,根据灾后棉株情况可结合根外追肥,促恢复生长。同时,做到及时采收,棉铃铃壳开裂后1周左右为佳采收期。
 
  三、麦(油)后直播棉田
 
  (一)养分补给。麦(油)后直播棉一般上部结铃较多。在长势不足情况下,应于9月中旬,及时喷施叶面专用肥补充营养,也可直接喷2%的尿素和0.1%的磷酸二氢钾溶液,增结棉铃、增加铃重。
 
  (二)科学化控。麦(油)后直播棉开花成铃集中,可于10月上旬,选择晴好无风天气,用噻苯隆粉剂30~40克/亩与40%乙烯利水剂200~300毫升/亩,对水40~50 公斤/亩进行全田喷雾。脱叶催熟剂要求现配现用,喷药后8小时如遇雨,应当补喷。喷药时应喷洒均匀,使棉株上下部叶片均匀着药,达到棉花全株受药。对成熟偏迟的或喷期延迟的棉田,应适当加大用量。脱叶催熟处理后,一般15~20天集中吐絮,要注意及时采收。
 
  (三)防灾减害。对于干旱棉田应及时灌水,如遇台风暴雨造成棉株倒伏,要加强灾后扶理和恢复管理。后期重点做好红蜘蛛、棉铃虫等病虫害防治,坚持综合防治和生物防治为主。
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