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农机大过年:各类农机冬季如何保养?

2019-02-07 10:52:36 来源:中国农机网整理发布 阅读量:27203 评论

导读:冬季是万物蛰伏的季节,匿藏精气好在来年开春换发光彩,机器也是如此。在冬季,各种农机的保养至关重要,来年春天保持好的工作性能,是离不开冬季的细心呵护的。小编总结整理了一下各主要农机具的保养要点供大家参考。

  【中国农机网 热点关注】 冬季是万物蛰伏的季节,匿藏精气好在来年开春换发光彩,机器也是如此。在冬季,各种农机的保养至关重要,来年春天保持好的工作性能,是离不开冬季的细心呵护的。小编总结整理了一下各主要农机具的保养要点供大家参考。
 
  1、拖拉机

  拖拉机虽然块头大,但寒冷的冬季更应该重视对拖拉机的保养。一定要在换季的时候对拖拉机各部位进行除垢、清洗、调整和润滑,气门间隙、喷油压力、喷油提前角等技术指标要调整到规定范围,要对离合器、制动器和操纵机构进行全面调整,确保拖拉机处于良好的技术状态,为安全过冬打下良好的基础。同时应注意以下几点:
 
  严禁采用点火、拖拉、溜坡、明火烤车、车启动后加水、调松喷油压力等错误的方法启动:
 
  天气寒冷的时候,拖拉机不易启动,若用上述方法,可能会引起离合器及变速箱齿轮受冲击而损坏;要正确启动,可以使用低温启动液,喷入空气滤清器中,应控制好喷射时间和喷入量,方可进行启动。启动后中速转动,待水温达40℃以上方可起步,水温达60℃才能带负荷作业。
 
  严禁无冷却水启动:
 
  一定要切记次加水不能加滚开的水,以免因机体骤热而被激裂。在拖拉机运行中如遇水箱沸腾或需要加水时,不能骤加冷水、此时应停止作业,待水温降低后、再适当添加清洁饮水以防气缸盖和气缸套炸裂。
 
  严禁忘记放尽冷却水:
 
  气温在4℃及其以下时,要记住夜间停车和长时间熄火停放时,未加防冻液的拖拉机都应将发动机内冷却水放尽。在放冷却水时,要待水温降到60℃以下时再放水,否则,容易造成机体或缸盖等损坏;更不能在冷却水未放净前离开,一定要检查是否放净,以防水阀被杂质堵塞,剩余的水在低温下反常膨胀冻裂机体。
 
  严禁使用不合格的柴、机油:
 
  拖拉机使用的柴油牌号根据当地气温而定:低气温在0至-5℃,则选用-10号柴油;低气温在-10至-15℃,选用-20号柴油;低气温不低于-30℃,选用-35号柴油;低气温在-40℃左右的高寒区,选用-50号柴油。所以在选用柴油时,应选用凝固点低于当地气温5~10℃。发动机冬季使用的机油粘度大,给润滑和启动带来困难,所以应换上8号柴油机油;变速箱和后桥内润滑油,应换上11号柴油机油,或者换上20号齿轮油。
 
  严禁驾驶陋习:
 
  不注重驾驶方法,违规操作。比如说在熄火前乱轰油门,以为能在气缸内存些柴油,便于下次易启动。其实,这样做只会造成柴油在气缸内不能完全燃烧而造成积碳,并可能顺着缸壁流入油底壳稀释机油,不但对下次启动丝毫无益,而且还影响机油的润滑性能,得不偿失。还有的不及时添加柴油,冬季熄火前应向拖拉机油箱内加满柴油。否则,空箱内空气中的水蒸汽遇箱壁冷却后液化凝结成水珠,混入柴油内,导致发动机无法正常工作。
 
  2、植保无人机

  植保无人机及相关附属产品在环境复杂的田间地头作业,灰尘、药液、露水杂物等外在的因素对产品性能带来影响,及时清洗维护保养设备,清洗擦拭、润滑涂油、检查校准、更换易损件等,保证设备工作时处于佳状态和延长产品使用寿命。
 
  清洗外观:飞防植保作业环境复杂,设备外表会粘附大量的药液和灰尘,及时清洗避免腐蚀组件影响正常工作。
 
  结构检查:植保无人机机体震动较为强烈,检查螺栓、卡扣、铆钉等连接部位,如有磨损、损坏、松动、滑丝、生锈等情况及时更换或者涂油。
 
  易损件更换:农药有不同程度的腐蚀性,和农药接触的部分(管道、转接头、喷嘴、流量计、液位计等)要及时检查和更换。
 
  电池保养:
 
  不要在高/低温环境充放电。温度会影响电池的性能和寿命,充电前应检查已使用过的电池是否已经冷却,不要在寒冷的车库、地下室、阳光直射下或热源附近充放电。
 
  电池保存应放置在阴凉的环境下贮存。长期存放电池时,能放在密封袋中或密封的防爆箱内较佳,建议环境温度为10~25°C,且干燥、无腐蚀性气体。
 
  植保无人机在起飞之前要给电池做保温处理,将电池保存在温暖的环境中,比如说房屋内、车内、保温箱内等。要起飞时快速安装电池,并执行飞行任务。在低温飞行时尽量将时间缩短到常温状态的一半,以保证安全飞行。
 
  陆地植保无人机电池的正常使用及维护保养,是延长无人机使用寿命的重要方式,因此在维护保养电池时,需要注意以上事项,确保植保无人机电池不受损坏,能正常使用。
 
  3、联合收割机

  对收割机连接处的杂物要清洗干净、做好润滑或注油密封;如有易生锈的部位油漆剥落导致裸露,需要及时涂漆防锈。如果是橡胶的皮带,则要擦净晾干,防止虫鼠危害;金属链条可用煤油或柴油清洗,然后放到机油中浸煮15-40分钟,或者是浸泡一夜,取出晾到不滴油时涂上软化油,再用牛皮纸包好放置在干燥通风处,以免霉烂变形。
 
  收割机上还有一些是橡胶和塑胶制品,它们受到日照后极易老化变质,弹性较差,影响来年的使用。在保管这些制品时,用石蜡油涂在其表面,然后放置在不受阳光直射的通风干燥处。塑胶制品和弹簧等物会因长期受压力或保管不当而变形,因此要把弹簧放松,把传送带之类拆卸,单独存放。
 
  另外,有些随机用的器具,特别是专用工具和各种备用件,需要单独存放,用完后放到原处,以免乱放造成丢失。
 
  4、打捆机

  打捆机每次用完后,都要做好保养,进行清理及维护,否则很有可能会影响其寿命。打捆机与动力机器装备好后,开至收割完毕的麦田内,检查动力机械的动力与打捆机是否接触完好,然后起步,捡拾,打捆,听到报警器报警后,停车,加大油门使打捆机快速打捆,捆绳,当听到绳子被割断的声音后,稍微用力拽绳,掀起打捆机后盖,使草捆落机,草捆排出后方可进行下一次的拾草,这样不断的循环直至工作完成,然后用完之后要进行清洗,把机器内麦秆之类的杂质都清理干净,否则时间久了就会出现故障,影响正常使用。
 
  清理:打捆机应使用高压气体进行清理,在清理时需要佩戴防护眼镜,避免对眼镜造成伤害。其次还可用风机产生的高速、大容量的风力进行清理。切记不可用水清理打捆机,因为清理过后所剩的残余经水浸泡会造成机体生锈。
 
  润滑:打捆机需要润滑的地方一般包括滚子链和轮子轴承两个部分。一般来说,每打捆1000个草捆就需要用机油将所有链条润滑一次,但这样容易吸附灰尘,因此可以选择在季末和空闲期定期润滑链条,这样链条不像运行时那么容易被污染。轮子轴承每年都需拆下清洗和替换。在对轮子轴承进行润滑时,应当拧紧轴承调整螺栓,同时转动轮子,当转动遇到阻力即停止。
 
  本文由中国农机网整理发布,资料来源:中国一拖、牧神农机、全丰航空植保、新乡市昌杰农业机械有限公司,如有侵权或异议请联系我们。
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