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聚焦“白色污染”:80%的残膜回收目标如何实现?

2018-06-29 10:30:42 来源:中国农机网整理发布 阅读量:38395 评论

导读: 地膜覆盖技术引入我国后,有效地提高了干旱、半干旱地区的水资源利用率和粮食生产能力,促进了这些地区的农作物增产和农民增收,在保障国家粮食安全方面发挥了重要的作用,产生了巨大的经济效益,曾被誉为“白色革命”。然而,随着使用量的增加和使用范围的扩大,农田残膜污染问题也变得越来越严重,成为了农村“白色污染”的主要来源,治理地膜污染、增加地膜回收利用率迫在眉睫。

  【中国农机网 地方农机】 地膜覆盖技术引入我国后,有效地提高了干旱、半干旱地区的水资源利用率和粮食生产能力,促进了这些地区的农作物增产和农民增收,在保障国家粮食安全方面发挥了重要的作用,产生了巨大的经济效益,曾被誉为“白色革命”。然而,随着使用量的增加和使用范围的扩大,农田残膜污染问题也变得越来越严重,成为了农村“白色污染”的主要来源,治理地膜污染、增加地膜回收利用率迫在眉睫。
 
  近日,农业农村部在内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市召开农膜回收行动,在2018年工作推进会上,总结地膜回收示范县建设经验与成效,加强地膜新国家标准宣贯,交流地膜回收利用的好经验、好做法。会议提出,确保到2020年农田地膜残留量明显下降,当季地膜回收处理利用率达到80%以上,全国地膜覆盖面积基本实现零增长,地膜污染严重地区实现负增长。
 
  甘肃:八成地膜得以回收
 
  通过以旧换新等措施,旱作农业大省甘肃省的8成地膜得以回收利用,因废旧地膜带来的农业面源污染得到有效缓解。据了解,2017年甘肃全省各类农作物覆膜面积达2933.8万亩,地膜使用总量17万吨,回收废旧地膜13.6万吨,回收利用率达80.1%。
 
  为了做好废旧地膜的回收和利用,甘肃在加强源头防控力度、培育农民回收意识、畅通旧膜交售通道、摸清地膜残留底数、探索综合防控途径等方面下工夫,加大春、秋两季集中揭膜覆膜关键期废旧地膜回收利用工作力度。
 
  据甘肃省农业生态环境保护管理站站长唐继荣介绍,2017年,全省从事废旧地膜回收利用的各类企业达224家,已设立乡、村回收网点2352个,基本健全了涵盖捡拾、回收、资源化利用等环节的废旧地膜回收利用网络体系。
 
  江苏:*秸秆地膜覆盖插秧技术
 
  近日,在江苏省邳州市新河镇袁场村,全省开始尝试利用秸秆地膜覆盖插秧技术为稻田铺“纸”,让袁场村有机稻米基地的稻子“与众不同”。
 
  在秸秆地膜覆盖插秧现场,插秧机一边铺设地膜一边插秧,秧苗穿破地膜插入泥土中。此次插秧用的地膜,并非一般的塑料地膜,它是用秸秆制作而成的全生物降解地膜。据了解,利用插秧机将秧苗与秸秆地膜一同铺在稻田地里,能够给水稻生长提供足够的温度,保护秧苗;60天左右,地膜纸就可以自然降解,还原于田地里,可以软化土壤,并提供一部分肥力;同时地膜还添加了一些生物菌剂,能发挥有机肥的作用,保持住水分。
 
  秸秆地膜的投入使用,村民不用打农药除草或者人工除草,一方便保证了稻米的绿色原生态,另一方面每亩地还能节省人工成本两百到三百元。新河镇党委副书记朱涛说,新河镇引进秸秆地膜覆盖插秧技术在江苏省是*。
 
  新疆吉木萨尔县:大力推广可降解地膜
 
  近年来,新疆吉木萨尔县老台乡牢固树立绿色发展理念,按照地膜资源化利用的思路,以农田废旧地膜回收利用为中心,在地膜覆盖种植作物的行政村全面开展农田废旧地膜回收工作,减少农田面源污染,保护辖区内生态环境,推动农业生产健康发展。
 
  通过落实吉木萨尔县关于推广可降解地膜的要求,老台乡全面推广宣传种植户使用厚度0.01毫米的地膜,以发放施行地膜回收补贴,实现农户使用地膜零投入的方式,推进废旧地膜污染治理工作,力争覆膜农田100%完成废旧地膜污染治理目标。
 
  近年来,吉木萨尔县通过加强宣传,充分利用电视、广播、网络等媒介广泛宣传可降解地膜的优良特性,通过张贴告农通知书、召开座谈会、举办现场会等方式,多层次、多渠道、多角度进行废旧残膜回收宣传发动和培训,营造推广使用可降解地膜的良好氛围。
 
  结语
 
  解决地膜残留污染问题,一方面,推广生物降解地膜是重要途径。据了解,尽管近年来我国在降解地膜研发上取得了很大进展,但目前降解膜的价格要高出不少,而且在增温保墒方面较普通聚乙烯地膜有很大差异,加之拉伸强度不够难以满足农机覆膜的要求,在技术层面还需突破,短时间全面推广还有一定难度;另一方面,相较于生物降解地膜,机械化回收更容易大面积推广,相信在国家政策的支持下,未来残膜回收机会成为农机市场的下一个“爆红”产品。
 
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