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农民的智慧 从原始农业时期就已开始

2017-08-04 11:25:33 来源:中国农机网 阅读量:49917 评论

导读:农业生产离不开农业机械,随着社会的发展和科技的进步,现代农业机械越来越先进,同时也越来越智能,农民甚至足不出户就可以把地种了。其实,在农耕时期,我国劳动人民就凭借自身的智慧创造出了形形色色的农具,以便更轻松的耕种土地。

  【中国农机网 本站原创】 农业生产离不开农业机械,随着社会的发展和科技的进步,现代农业机械越来越先进,同时也越来越智能,农民甚至足不出户就可以把地种了。其实,在农耕时期,我国劳动人民就凭借自身的智慧创造出了形形色色的农具,以便更轻松的耕种土地。
 
  追溯到原始农业时期,农业生产方式简单粗放,农民以石、骨、蚌、木为主要的材料来制作农具,农具的种类主要有三种:农耕用、收割用和加工用。农耕类的农具包括铲、耒、锄这些,收割类的就是刀和镰,而加工类的常见的就是石磨盘和石磨棒。 
 
  在原始社会时期,人们能利用的资源很有限,开始产生的农具便是以木头为材料制成的耒耜,是一种翻土的农具,形如木叉,上有曲柄,下面是犁头,可看作犁的前身,其发明开创了中国的农耕文化,后来发展成为先秦时期主要的农耕工具。
 
  至夏、商、西周时期,虽然农具材料仍然以木、石、骨为主,但是当时已有青铜产生,在西周末年,青铜便应用于一些中耕农具和收割农具。在灌溉器具方面,有商代的桔槔,西周的戽桶和吊桶,这一时期的农机具种类甚少,但是却为后面铁制农具的发展奠定了基础。
 
  春秋战国时期,冶铁业兴起,它的出现使中国农具*迎来一次大变革:铁质农具产生,开始替代过去的以木、石为材料的农具,在木器上添加一个铁质的刃片,有效地提高了生产效率。从考古出土的实物看,当时使用一种呈V字型的铁犁头,可以减少耕地时的阻力。
 
  秦朝统一中国之后,尤其是两汉以来,由于冶铁业得到快速发展,铁制农具发展迅速,成为“民之大用”。为了适应农业生产发展的需要,这一时期农具的种类开始增多,质量上也大有提高,西汉中期以后,木心铁刃的农具全部被铁制农具代替,随着牛耕的逐渐普及,耕犁也有所革新,创造了犁壁,对于深耕和碎土更为有利。唐代《耒耜经》中记载的曲辕犁,相比之前的耕犁,构造更加完善,由11个部件组成,能根据需要进行深耕和浅耕,以及调节耕地的宽窄,操作方便。至魏晋南北朝时期,出现了用于碎土保墒、平整土地的耙和耖。这一时期播种耧车的出现让农业生产实现了大跃进,播种耧车下端有三个耧角,即开沟器,中间装有盛贮种子的漏斗,播种时用牛拉车,一边开沟,一边播种,可以极大地提高耕作效率。此外,古代农民已有农产品加工意识,舂米工具由杵臼到脚踏碓再到水力碓,技术上有了很大的进步。
 
 
  时间来到宋、元时期,这一时期的农具发展在很大程度上都超过了前代。北魏《齐民要术》里记载了30多种农具,元代的《王祯农书》则记载了105种之多。犁具也在前代的基础上有了更新,出现了犁床或犁壁上附有改进犁,便于垦耕。这一时期不得不提的一种农具就是播种和施肥相结合的下粪耧种,类似于现在的施肥播种机,可实现一机多用,是古代智慧的结晶。
 
  农具发展到离现代较近的明清时期,速度开始放缓,只是在农具的基础上进行改进,其间出现了露锄和以鹿角制成的农具,反映了农业开始向精耕细作的方向发展,值得一提的是,钢铁冶铸技术对农具部件的改造有很大帮助。
 
  细数我国古代农民发明创造的这些农具,其中闪耀着古代农民智慧的结晶,时代发展至今,技术每天都在进步,传统农业的生产方式也会逐渐被淘汰掉,但人们的智慧源泉是不会枯竭的,每一个传统的农具都是一个农耕时期的代表,反映了我国古代农业文明的发展历程。
 
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