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大灾当前:我国脆弱的农业经济该如何坚强应对?

2017-05-12 16:21:33 来源:中国农机网 阅读量:44964 评论

导读:5月12日,是护士节,也是全国防灾减灾日。自2009年起,每年的5月12日由中华人民共和国国务院批准为全国防灾减灾日,2017年的今天第9个防灾减灾日。我国是自然灾害种类多、灾情为严重的国家之一。为常见的灾害种类包括:气象灾害、生态灾害、生物灾害、地质灾害。

  【中国农机网 本站原创】5月12日,是护士节,也是全国防灾减灾日。自2009年起,每年的5月12日由中华人民共和国国务院批准为全国防灾减灾日,2017年的今天第9个防灾减灾日。我国是自然灾害种类多、灾情为严重的国家之一。为常见的灾害种类包括:气象灾害、生态灾害、生物灾害、地质灾害。

 
  据统计,通常每年农业自然灾害受灾面积6~7亿亩(4 000~4 667万公顷),减产3成以上的成灾面积约3亿亩(2 000万公顷),直接经济损失超百亿元,因此,如何预防和治理自然灾害,减少农业损失,是实现农业可持续发展的重要课题,即:灾害来临前,如何防范?灾害来临后,如何减损?
 
  关键词一:灾害预警
 
  我国目前常用的灾害监测、预报和灾情评估手段多是地面常规监测和航空遥感,卫星遥感则有一部分来自国外的气象卫星资料。而农业灾害具有种类多、受灾地域广、突发性强等特点,传统监测手段往往不能满足要求。地面监测和航空遥感受地形、天气等因素的制约,气象卫星传感器也受到云层等因素影响,因此,亟需加强农业灾害如洪涝干旱灾害等的全天候、大面积、的动态监测,尽量减少云层和地表等因素的影响,要努力改善仪器的性能,提高监测预报的准确度。
 
  即:建立完善的农业灾害预警机制
 
  关键词二:快速反应
 
  自然灾害是不可避免的,迄今为止,人类既不能非常准确地预测,又不能完全地控制自然灾害。鉴于危机的破坏性和负面影响,自然灾害一旦发生,时间因素极为重要,作为危机应对者的政府必须在时间在现场采取果断措施,及时控制灾区局势,迅速恢复社会秩序,这是政府应急管理快速机制的客观要求。同时,充分发挥驻军部队在减灾中的重要作用,加强地方与当地驻军的联系与协调,充分发挥解放军、武警和预备役部队、公安干警及广大民兵在抢险救灾中的主力军和突击队作用。
 
  即:建立以政府为主导的快速反应机制
 
  关键词三:农业保险
 
  农业保险作为一种市场化的风险转移和分散机制,应该在支持农业发展上作出更大贡献。而事实上,我国农业保险发展缓慢,规模狭小、范围过窄,尚未有效调动农民、保险经营主体、政府等多方积极性,很难满足保险经营所依赖的大数法则理论,农业风险分散机制极其脆弱。从现阶段来看,农民主要还是采取自救、依靠政府救济(社会捐助)等方法来防范和分散农业风险,农业保险在当前新农村建设中发挥着非常有限的“稳定器”与“助推器”作用。
 
  农业保险应当是一种政策性保险。要使农业保险发挥应有的作用,首先,离不开法律的支持和推动。其次,农业保险属于典型的高风险、低收益产业,农业保障机制离不开政策性安排。而目前我国政策性农业保险体系尚不健全,保险公司难以在低保费、高赔付之间寻求平衡。因此,建立和健全农业保险机制要以政府为主体,加快完善农业保险法律法规,建立政策性的农业保险机构和农业自然灾害风险保障基金。
 
  即:建立政府主导型的农业政策性保险机制
 
  关键词四:信息透明
 
  自然灾害发生后,封锁信息、信息不明或传言传播的失真性,很容易加剧人们的恐慌情绪,使社会心态发生难以预料的变化,极有可能导致社会的失稳。因此,政府必须及时向公众披露信息,化解公众的怀疑情绪,唤起公众的理解与支持。因此,有必要建立新闻发言人制度,及时公布有关灾害信息。对于信息披露其基本要求是:时间,争取舆论主动权;言行一致,确立信息沟通的可信度和性;明确信息发布通道和时间;处理与各种媒体的关系,建立政府与媒体的合作机制。
 
  即:建立透明的信息披露制度
 
  关键词五:加强监管
 
  要规划并建设好农业灾害防治工程,加强工程建设质量的管理和监督,发挥工程防治灾害大效能。由于历史原因,长期以来我们片面追求“多、快、好、省”,造成不尊重科学规律和不讲究质量、效益的工程很多,我国在20世纪50至70年代修建的水库,病险率达92. 9%,实践证明,防治工程本身所存在的安全隐患也是灾害频发且治理困难的原因。因此,在规划、建设各种防治工程的时候,除了要设计好工程的功效、配套设施以及承载能力之外,还要充分考虑工程的其他效应,如生态、环境效应,权衡利弊,合理规划,科学施工,严抓质量,杜绝豆腐渣工程。
 
  即:加强工程建设质量的管理和监督
 
  笔者结语:我国是一个多自然灾害的国家,南涝北旱、台风、地震以及沙尘暴等多种自然灾害给人民生活和社会经济发展带来了巨大的损失。且分布地域广,发生频率高,造成损失重。与此同时,防灾减灾救灾体制机制问题还较为突出,“重救灾、轻减灾”思想仍不同程度存在,灾害预警防范能力还有待提升。亟待国家农业部能尽快完善防灾减灾救灾体制机制,加强我国农业抗灾防灾能力,这对于壮大我国农业经济具有重要意义。

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